Estimation of genetic divergence based on mitochondrial DNA variation for an invasive alien species, Metcalfa pruinosa (Say), in Korea

Tracing the Invasion and Expansion Characteristics of the Flatid Planthopper, Metcalfa pruinosa (Hemiptera: Flatidae), in Korea Using Mitochondrial DNA Sequences

“…To obtain further detailed inference on the origin of the Korean populations compared to previous studies [ 16 , 17 ], we extended our sample size for the DNA barcoding region (658 bp) to 536 individuals and the collection locality to 23 in Korea, along with eight localities in three European countries. Furthermore, the sequence data thus obtained were combined with GenBank-registered worldwide COI sequences (470 bp) from 294 individuals, totaling 830 individuals.…”

“…The preexisting DNA barcoding sequences of 294 individuals from seven countries, including Korea, referring to previous studies as of June 2019, were downloaded from the GenBank [ 16 , 17 , 18 , 24 ] ( Table S3 ). These comprised samples originated from 38 locations in seven countries (Korea, USA, Canada, Italy, Spain, France, and Slovenia).…”

“…Previously, the genetic magnitude and divergence of M. pruinosa populations were investigated to trace the origin of the Korean populations [ 16 , 17 ]. Park et al [ 17 ] analyzed a 472-bp fragment of the DNA barcoding region of samples collected mainly from Korea, four European countries, and those native to the USA, along with a few GenBank-registered sequences from Canada [ 18 ].…”

“…One haplotype (H1) was dominant in Korea (94%), the majority of European countries (72%), and the USA (50%), representing 69.8% of the worldwide samples [ 17 ]. Similarly, using a 577-bp fragment of the DNA barcoding region from the 42 samples collected in Korea, Kwon et al [ 16 ] found only two haplotypes (Hap_01 and Hap_02), with the frequency of Hap_01 at 95%. These previous studies analyzed the sequence data from several perspectives, including haplotype relationships and pairwise F ST , to trace the origin of the Korean populations [ 16 , 17 ].…”

“…Similarly, using a 577-bp fragment of the DNA barcoding region from the 42 samples collected in Korea, Kwon et al [ 16 ] found only two haplotypes (Hap_01 and Hap_02), with the frequency of Hap_01 at 95%. These previous studies analyzed the sequence data from several perspectives, including haplotype relationships and pairwise F ST , to trace the origin of the Korean populations [ 16 , 17 ]. Consequently, either Europe or both the USA and Europe have been ascribed as the sources of introduction to Korea.…”