Estimation of global recoverable human and animal faecal biomass

Berendes, David; Yang, Pengliang; Lai, Amanda; Hu, David L.; Brown, Joe

doi:10.1038/s41893-018-0167-0

Cited by 116 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Humans and their domesticated animals constitute approximately 96–98% of the global terrestrial mammalian biomass . The fecal matter associated with such huge populations has been estimated to be increasing by over 52 billion kilograms per year since 2003; and the total fecal matter produced is expected to reach at least 4.6 trillion kilograms per year by 2030 . Food animals, particularly cattle, chickens, and sheep, produce about four times more fecal matter than humans, which implies that appropriate fecal matter management in food animal systems must be globally influential.…”

Section: Complexity Of Antimicrobial Resistance Across Domesticated Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Complexities in understanding antimicrobial resistance across domesticated animal, human, and environmental systems

Graham

Bergeron

Bourassa

et al. 2019

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

149

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant threat to both human and animal health. The spread of AMR bacteria and genes across systems can occur through a myriad of pathways, both related and unrelated to agriculture, including via wastewater, soils, manure applications, direct exchange between humans and animals, and food exposure. Tracing origins and drivers of AMR bacteria and genes is challenging due to the array of contexts and the complexity of interactions overlapping health practice, microbiology, genetics, applied science and engineering, as well as social and human factors. Critically assessing the diverse and sometimes contradictory AMR literature is a valuable step in identifying tractable mitigation options to stem AMR spread. In this article we review research on the nonfoodborne spread of AMR, with a focus on domesticated animals and the environment and possible exposures to humans. Attention is especially placed on delineating possible sources and causes of AMR bacterial phenotypes, including underpinning the genetics important to human and animal health.

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Section: Complexity Of Antimicrobial Resistance Across Domesticated Amentioning

confidence: 99%

Complexities in understanding antimicrobial resistance across domesticated animal, human, and environmental systems

Graham

Bergeron

Bourassa

et al. 2019

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

149

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“…5 One reason for the poor efficacy of low-cost WASH interventions is their requirement for high user adherence to consistent sustained behaviour change. For rural people in low-income countries, environmental hygiene requires not only widespread access to and use of improved sanitation, but also management of faeces from cohabitating domestic animals which makes up 67% of the household-level faecal mass; 6 hand hygiene requires prioritisation of scarce resources to purchase soap, spending hours each day collecting large volumes of water, and then prioritising these resources for handwashing; and clean drinking water might require households to purchase and mix chlorination solutions with measured volumes of water in designated clean covered containers, and be willing to drink water they find unpalatable.…”

Section: Reducing the User Burden In Wash Interventions For Low-incommentioning

confidence: 99%

Reducing the user burden in WASH interventions for low-income countries

Humphrey

2019

The Lancet Global Health

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“…Through the ROC curve, we demonstrated the hCYTB484 marker to be widely distributed in individual human feces in concentrations above the aLLoQ, indicating that the hCYTB484 marker is potentially useful in detecting human fecal sludges and other concentrated fecal waste streams where fewer individuals contribute to the waste. Such matrices are the most common form of fecal wastes globally where risks of exposure are highest (12).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most of the global human population does not have access to sewered sanitation: an estimated 56% of households globally have unsewered sanitation facilities and 12% of households globally have no sanitation facility (12). Furthermore, disproportionalities in sanitation exist: the same geographic regions that contain the lowest rates of sewered households are where most of the human population live and where the most human feces are produced (12). This means that for much of the world’s population, enteric pathogen exposure risks are related to sludges and other non-wastewater fecal waste streams that are composites of feces from relatively few individuals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Droplet Digital PCR Human mtDNA Assay for Global Fecal Source Tracking

Zhu

Suttner

Konstantinidis

et al. 2019

Preprint

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229 / 250 words max.) 6 Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) provides a promising target for microbial source tracking 7 because it is unique to humans and universal across human individuals. We developed a droplet 8 digital PCR (ddPCR) assay, hCYTB484, targeting the cytochrome b gene of the human mtDNA 9 and compared the performance of the hCYTB484 assay with a widely used assay targeting 10 human-associated Bacteroides, the HF183/BacR287 assay. We also defined and validated the 11 analytical limit of detection and analytical lower limit of quantification; these analytical limits 12 determine the concentration levels above which samples are declared to be positive and 13 quantifiable for the target, respectively. We found both assays to be highly specific (95%) 14 against cow and pig feces; however, the hCYTB484 was more sensitive when tested against 15 individual human feces from US, Bangladesh, and Mozambique (100% versus a mean of 51% 16 across the 3 countries). To further compare the performance of the two assays, we utilized a 17 receiver operating characteristic curve, showing that the hCYTB484 marker was widely 18 distributed across human feces from the 3 different geographical regions tested and in higher 19 quantities than the HF183/BacR287 marker. The higher performance of the hCYTB484 marker 20 in individual feces is a desirable characteristic in the detection of fecal pollution from sources to 21 which fewer individuals contribute, such as non-sewered types of sanitation that serve most of 22 Earth's population and carry the highest risk of exposure to fecal-oral pathogens. 23 Importance (142/150 words) 24 The usefulness of an ideal human-specific, culture-and library-independent marker to the 25 microbial source tracking field is reflected by the numerous efforts to develop such markers; 26 however, thus far, microbial-based markers of this type have exhibited variable source-27 specificity across geographies and variable sensitivity across scales of fecal waste. Most of the 28 3 world's population is served by non-sewered forms of sanitation that also carry the highest risk 29 of exposure to fecal-oral pathogens. This reality underscores the need for markers of human fecal 30 contamination that have high sensitivity in fecal pollution sources to which fewer individuals 31 contribute to, such as fecal sludges found in pit latrines. We show that human mtDNA-based 32 methods can be highly source-specific and highly sensitive in smaller scales of fecal pollution, 33 providing a useful addition to the microbial source tracking toolbox by complementing the 34 variable performance of microbial-based markers. 35 4 Word Count 3854/6000 (should not exceed approximately 6,000 words, exclusive of methods, 36 references, figure legends, tables, and supplemental material) 37 Introduction 38Within the microbial source tracking (MST) field, the development of an ideal human-specific, 39 culture-and library-independent marker has been a goal for many research efforts for a variety of 40 reasons-nota...

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Estimation of global recoverable human and animal faecal biomass

Cited by 116 publications

References 51 publications

Complexities in understanding antimicrobial resistance across domesticated animal, human, and environmental systems

Complexities in understanding antimicrobial resistance across domesticated animal, human, and environmental systems

Reducing the user burden in WASH interventions for low-income countries

A Novel Droplet Digital PCR Human mtDNA Assay for Global Fecal Source Tracking

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