“…Previous studies by our group, including 1 using 24-hour inroom video monitoring of 4,522 HHOs, found that only 6% of HHOs involved physicians, whereas 73% involved nurses. 2,3 In addition, our studies found that physician visits tended to have fewer moments 2 and 3 than nurse visits, which would tend to minimize any difference between the monitoring methods (unpublished data).…”