Estimation of household health cost and climate adaptation cost with its health related determinants: empirical evidences from western Nepal

Abstract

Limited evidence is available concerning the household-level costs of prevailing diseases and the potential cost of climate adaptation in Nepal. This study estimates these costs and assesses the relationships between prevalent diseases and climate adaptation at the household level using survey data from 420 households. An ingredientsbased approach was used to estimate the cost of health and adaptation, and a Probit regression model was used to analyze the relationship between prevalent diseases and climate adaptation costs. Household direct curative costs are the highest among health cost components. Two-thirds of total health costs are direct costs for households. On average, 15.90% of household income is used for direct cost of health care. The climate hazard cost among afflicted households is estimated to be high. In addition, diseases like malaria, typhoid and jaundice, their costs, climate awareness program, droughts, family size and loss of per capita income are more likely to raise the cost of climate adaptation. The occurrence of gastritis, prevalence of diarrhea and cold waves are less likely to affect the cost. Policymakers should implement health financing schemes and adaptation strategies to prevent the loss of human health in western Nepal.

Indigenous farmers’ perception of climate vulnerability, barriers and factors influencing farmers adaptation intention: evidence from mountainous area of Vietnam

“…The model also incorporated a set of independent variables, whether they are binary, categories, or continuous (Bryan et al, 2009;Abid et al, 2016Abid et al, , 2019Ado et al, 2019). Furthermore, Jewell (2004) and Paudel and Pant (2020) suggested that the binary probit regression model is better utilized for the binary outcome than the logit model, and it is simple to perform, in explaining, and interpreting the results. The formula for the binary probit model (Bryan et al, 2009;Saqib et al, 2016;Fahad et al, 2020;Islam et al, 2020) is given as:…”

Assessing the Nexus between Climate Change and Public Health in Nepal: A Comprehensive Exploration of Impacts, Vulnerabilities, and Adaptive Strategies

“…The communicable diseases as well as participation in climate awareness programs, drought occurrences, family members in terms of size, and per capita income loss, are identified as contributors to increased climate adaptation costs. Conversely, the occurrence of gastritis, prevalence of diarrhea, and exposure to cold waves are less likely to impact these costs (Paudel & Pant, 2020).…”

Burden of water, sanitation and hygiene related diseases in India: prevalence, health care cost and effect of community level factors

“…13 Diarrhoea was found to be the leading water borne disease in Godawari, Nepal, accounting for 48% of hospitalization cases with an out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) of 568 NR per episode, including a wage loss of NR 360 per episode by parents of those sick with diarrhoea. 14 Malaria, typhoid and jaundice raised the expenditure incurred by households due to curative, preventive and curative time costs of environment related diseases in Nepal in 2016-17, 15 Typhoid was also associated with highest health care cost (TK 1814.0) among acute illnesses and 24% catastrophic expenditure in Bangladesh. 16 The average cost of treatment for each episode of dengue per household in Vietnam was found to be US$ 61 in Vietnam, 17 and US$ 118 in Thailand.…”