Estimation of illicit drugs consumption by wastewater analysis in Paris area (France)

Karolak, Sara; Nicolaï, Thomas; Bailly, Emilie; Solgadi, Audrey; Lévi, Yves

doi:10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.04.007

Cited by 123 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 12 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…[46], whilst key target chemicals are cocaine (COC), heroin, nicotine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, opiates or cannabis, among others, and their metabolites, e.g. benzoylecgonine (BE), ecgonine methyl ester, norbenzoylecgonine, norcocaine and cocaethylene [13,[46][47][48][49][50][51][52]. For compounds like nicotine and caffeine, a study in Spain has shown that average concentrations of 13 and 23 g/L are detected in influent wastewaters, respectively, and that the mean values for effluent wastewaters can be as high 2.7 and 4.4 g/L, respectively.…”

Section: Illicit Drugs (Ids)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The concentrations of IDs in the influents of WWTPs can reflect both societal habits and the financial situation. As a matter of fact, their levels have been found to increase during weekends [50,53,54], or after the "Street Parade" event in Zurich [55]. MDMA (an amphetamine-type drug) was found to be more abundant on Sundays and Tuesdays, in WWTPs from Paris [50].…”

Section: Illicit Drugs (Ids)mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Occurrence of organic microcontaminants in the wastewater treatment process. A mini review

Ratola

Cincinelli

Alves

et al. 2012

Journal of Hazardous Materials

273

111

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Illicit Drugs (Ids)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Illicit Drugs (Ids)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of organic microcontaminants in the wastewater treatment process. A mini review

Ratola

Cincinelli

Alves

et al. 2012

Journal of Hazardous Materials

273

111

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The analysis of sewage drug biomarkers (SDBs) has recently been established as a complementary approach for monitoring patterns and trends of illicit drug use in communities (Banta-Green et al, 2009;Berset et al, 2010;Castiglioniet al, 2011;Irvine et al, 2011;Karolak et al, 2010;Metcalfe et al, 2010;Reid et al, 2011;Terzic et al, 2010;van Nuijs, et al, 2011a;van Nuijs et al, 2009a;Zuccato et al, 2008). In 2012 it has been published the first harmonized study involving drug wastewater analysis in 19 European cities (Thomas 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of cocaine and nicotine metabolites in wastewater by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Cross abuse index patterns on a major community

Lopes

Silva

Bronze

et al. 2014

Science of The Total Environment

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

HIGHLIGHTSCross abuse index patterns on licit and illicit drugs by means of sewage assessment Data about cocaine and nicotine consumption from a Portuguese population Co-evaluation of cocaine abuse estimates based on local drug purity levels ABSTRACT A method based on sample preparation by solid phase extraction and analysis by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry was validated and used for simultaneous analysis of cocaine, benzoylecgonine and cotinine in samples collected at the major wastewater treatment plant in the city of Lisbon. The aim was to estimate the consumption of both cocaine and nicotine in this community and establish an index involving both drugs supported by the relevance of nicotine as a significant anthropogenic marker. The study was made on two different week days during a month in order to evaluate patterns of consumption outside weekends. Cocaine and nicotine ingestion levels were backcalculated and expressed as mass of pure drugs consumed per day and per 1000 inhabitants (mean: 0.604 g and 5.860 g respectively). Cocaine was also expressed on the basis of local drug purity levels (33.7%) with a corresponding increase on dose assessments, and community drug abuse profiles. The authors sustain that this approach should always be included in drug studies of this kind allowing a better drug abuse assessment. No significant different patterns of consumption were obtained during the working days studied with the exception of one case coincident with a national holiday that showed an increased typical profile found on other non-working day studies, namely weekends. A fairly significant relationship was found between nicotine and cocaine consumption that should be further evaluated in future studies. Pharmacokinetic considerations were made and proposed for cocaine assessment based on the impact on back calculations after common simultaneous consumption of cocaine and ethanol.

show abstract

“…Thus far, the methodology has been mainly applied for illicit drugs such as cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, methadone, heroin and D 9 -THCA. [110,111,[113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126] The critical parameters needed for the calculation of usage of a specific drug are drug concentration in wastewater influents, an adequate knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of the drug, information on the population [103] Influents (12 treatment plants) Germany Primidone: -Median: 440 [83] Effluents (12 treatment plants) Primidone: -Median: 420 [3] Effluents (7 treatment plants) Ephedrine: -Median: 92 Influents Germany Ephedrine: 2-6 - [93] Influents (7 treatment plants) USA Ephedrine: max. 6900 ng L À1 - [25] Dissolved phase UK Ephedrine: 501-1080 - [85] Pseudoephedrine: not detected -Particulate matter of wastewater influents Drugs in wastewater treatment plants served by the treatment plant, and the daily flows of sewage into the plant.…”

Section: Sewage Epidemiology In Wastewater Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuropsychiatric pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewater treatment plants: a review

Asimakopoulos

Kannan

2016

Environ. Chem.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Environmental context. Neuropsychiatric pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewaters are of increasing environmental concern. We compile the recent literature and evaluate the concentrations and profiles of various drugs and their removal efficiencies in wastewater treatment plants. The sewage epidemiology approach, used in the estimation of drug usage in communities, is discussed, and we make recommendations for future research in this area.Abstract. Neuropsychiatric pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs encompass a broad range of compounds including opioids, amphetamine-type stimulants, cannabinoids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, antipsychotics, anaesthetics, anti-epileptics and mood stabilisers, lysergic compounds, sympathomimetic amines and cocaine derivatives. In this article, we review studies on the occurrence and fate of these drugs in wastewater treatment plants. In general, among various drugs studied, the concentrations and detection frequencies of opioids and cocaine derivatives were the highest in wastewaters. The forensic analysis of wastewaters suggests that cocaine and opioids usage has increased. Given the fact that data on drug usage can be used for making regulatory decisions and policies, this review focuses on understanding the sources and environmental dynamics of neuropsychiatric and illicit drugs. There is a pressing need for more research on the magnitude and extent of illicit drug consumption. The 'sewage epidemiology' approach, currently applied in the estimation of illicit drug consumption in communities, is reviewed. The field of wastewater research has been advancing in multipronged paths, incorporating concepts in analytical chemistry, organic chemistry, environmental chemistry, biochemistry, sewage engineering, drug epidemiology and statistics. Future prospects with regard to the occurrence and environmental fate of illicit and psychoactive drugs are recommended.

show abstract

Estimation of illicit drugs consumption by wastewater analysis in Paris area (France)

Cited by 123 publications

References 12 publications

Occurrence of organic microcontaminants in the wastewater treatment process. A mini review

Occurrence of organic microcontaminants in the wastewater treatment process. A mini review

Analysis of cocaine and nicotine metabolites in wastewater by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Cross abuse index patterns on a major community

Neuropsychiatric pharmaceuticals and illicit drugs in wastewater treatment plants: a review

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About