Estimation of intra-operative brain shift based on constrained Kalman filter

Review of the potential of optical technologies for cancer diagnosis in neurosurgery: a step toward intraoperative neurophotonics

“…Brain tissue is extremely flexible and deforms following dural opening. 13 This phenomenon, known as "brain shift," is affected by many factors such as mechanical tumor resection, evacuation of cystic components, gravity, pharmacologic responses, osmotic shifts, drainage of cerebrospinal fluid, and other surgical effects. [14][15][16][17] Brain shift leads to significant challenges in the use of conventional neuronavigational systems, which use preoperatively acquired images and stereotaxy to depict the anatomical location and estimate the three-dimensional (3-D) extent of brain tumors.…”

“…[14][15][16][17] Brain shift leads to significant challenges in the use of conventional neuronavigational systems, which use preoperatively acquired images and stereotaxy to depict the anatomical location and estimate the three-dimensional (3-D) extent of brain tumors. 13,18 Currently, there are two main nonoptical technologies that have been implemented to overcome the problem of brain shift during neurosurgery: intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) (ioMRI) 19,20 and intraoperative Ultrasound (ioUS). However, many optical technologies are also beginning to be applied in this context, including infrared (IR) thermal imaging, Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and imaging, fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy and imaging, and optical coherence tomography (OCT).…”

“…IoMRI systems are usually too expensive for most neurosurgical departments, involve a time-consuming image acquisition process, and require expensive nonmagnetic surgical tools. 13 Furthermore, using these techniques, it is not possible to track surgical instruments as they pass through brain tissue to cysts or tumors. 30 Finally, after resection of the tumor and the resulting brain shift, the interpretation of the MRI data can still be difficult.…”