Estimation of lead intake from crystalware under conditions of consumer use

Guadagnino, E.; Gambaro, Marco; Gramiccioni, L.; Denaro, Massimo; Feliciani, R.; Baldini, Massimo; Stacchini, Paolo; Giovannangeli, S.; Carelli, G; Castellino, N; Vinci, Francesco

doi:10.1080/026520300283469

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Cutting activities can also give rise to dust emissions, but these are usually controlled by cutting under liquid (water). Moreover, an evidence of the potential lead intake from crystalware under conditions of consumer use was well exposed by Guadagnino et al (2000Guadagnino et al ( , 2002.…”

Section: Assumptions and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Application of life cycle assessment to the production of man-made crystal glass

Pulselli

Ridolfi

Rugani

et al. 2009

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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Background, aim and scope This paper presents a life cycle assessment (LCA) of the manufacturing process of crystal glass products in order to evaluate the potential environmental impacts due to a crystalware company located in Colle di Val d'Elsa, Siena (Italy). Since there is not any published research specifically focussed on crystal production to our knowledge, outcomes from this study would represent a first documented evidence gathered from an LCA of crystal glass products. Once a detailed description of the production process was provided, different categories of impacts were assessed and analysed. Outcomes allowed us to identify 'weak points' in the production process and propose possible solutions for decreasing the risk of negative effects on the environment. Materials and methods According to the LCA methodology, the whole life cycle of crystal glass was structured into four primary phases-raw materials acquisition, crystal glass manufacturing, product utilisation and final disposal-each of which includes a set of sub-processes. Through an accurate life cycle inventory, primary data, relative to the year 2006, were elaborated through the EDIP database. The calculation of impacts was aided by GaBi4 software with reference to a functional unit corresponding to 1 kg of crystal glass products. Relative to the CML2001 problem-oriented approach, a set of impact categories was used for the classification and characterisation of the life cycle impact assessment. Potential category indicators were finally accounted for and normalised in accordance with the CML Western Europe method. Results The following ten impact categories were assessed:(1) depletion of abiotic resources, (2) acidification, (3) eutrophication, (4-6) ecotoxicity (marine and freshwater aquatic as well as terrestrial, respectively), (7) climate change (greenhouse effect), (8) human toxicity, (9) stratospheric ozone depletion and (10) photo-oxidant formation. Results showed that among the main phases, crystal glass manufacturing is the one with the highest environmental impact and emissions to air, mainly due to an intensive use of energy and materials. In particular, some sub-processes within the manufacturing stage, such as melting in furnaces, acid polishing, cutting and forming, were found to hold a high responsibility for most of the environmental effects. The main effects depend on CO 2 , NO x and SO 2 emissions, heavy metals emissions and use of non-renewable resources. In particular, the latter is due to the processes of extraction, refining, transport and use of fuels such as natural gas. Discussion Results were analysed relative to each of the main processes involved in the crystal glass life cycle and critical points were investigated in order to inform the administrators of the crystalware company and address future choices towards a more sustainable production. Some technical solutions were proposed in order to improve environmental performances. Impacts due to the use of lead in the mixture were widely treated in literature and bri...

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Section: Assumptions and Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Application of life cycle assessment to the production of man-made crystal glass

Pulselli

Ridolfi

Rugani

et al. 2009

Int J Life Cycle Assess

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“…Crystal decanters and glasses can release high amounts of lead in a short time, especially with cola (Guadagnino et al 2000). The FDA has cautioned that children and pregnant women should avoid frequent use of crystal glassware and should not use lead crystal baby bottles (Farley 1998).…”

Section: Sources Of Lead Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Lead Exposures in U.S. Children, 2008: Implications for Prevention

Levin

Brown

Kashtock

et al. 2008

Environ Health Perspect

330

284

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ObjectiveWe reviewed the sources of lead in the environments of U.S. children, contributions to children’s blood lead levels, source elimination and control efforts, and existing federal authorities. Our context is the U.S. public health goal to eliminate pediatric elevated blood lead levels (EBLs) by 2010.Data sourcesNational, state, and local exposure assessments over the past half century have identified risk factors for EBLs among U.S. children, including age, race, income, age and location of housing, parental occupation, and season.Data extraction and synthesisRecent national policies have greatly reduced lead exposure among U.S. children, but even very low exposure levels compromise children’s later intellectual development and lifetime achievement. No threshold for these effects has been demonstrated. Although lead paint and dust may still account for up to 70% of EBLs in U.S. children, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that ≥30% of current EBLs do not have an immediate lead paint source, and numerous studies indicate that lead exposures result from multiple sources. EBLs and even deaths have been associated with inadequately controlled sources including ethnic remedies and goods, consumer products, and food-related items such as ceramics. Lead in public drinking water and in older urban centers remain exposure sources in many areas.ConclusionsAchieving the 2010 goal requires maintaining current efforts, especially programs addressing lead paint, while developing interventions that prevent exposure before children are poisoned. It also requires active collaboration across all levels of government to identify and control all potential sources of lead exposure, as well as primary prevention.

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“…Numerous empirical studies have been carried out to examine the Pb leaching from glass or from glass ceramic in reactive environments, particularly in contact with different actual beverages or simple synthetic solutions such as acetic acid or nitric acid [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20] . In commercial lead crystal glasses, it has generally been observed that the release of alkalis and Pb ions exhibited a square root time dependence through a diffusion process 11,15,17,18 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The experiments were carried out in 4% (v/v) acetic acid solution, which is commonly used as a standard reference solution. 13,17,33 The local structure of pristine and altered materials was characterized by high-resolution solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) of silicon-29 and oxygen-17. Elemental depth profiling were monitored by Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and Chemical Durability of Lead Crystal Glass

Angeli

Jollivet

Charpentier

et al. 2016

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Silicate glasses containing lead, also called lead crystal glasses, are commonly used as food product containers, in particular for alcoholic beverages. Lead's health hazards require major attention, which can first be investigated through the understanding of Pb release mechanisms in solution. The behavior of a commercial crystal glass containing 10.6 mol % of PbO (28.3 wt %) was studied in a reference solution of 4% acetic acid at 22, 40, and 70 °C at early and advanced stages of reaction. High-resolution solid-state O andSi NMR was used to probe the local structure of the pristine and, for the first time, of the altered lead crystal glass. Inserted into the vitreous structure between the network formers as Si-O-Pb bonds, Pb does not form Pb-O-Pb clusters which are expected to be more easily leached. A part of K is located near Pb, forming mixed Si-O-(Pb,K) near the nonbridging oxygens. Pb is always released into the solution following a diffusion-controlled dissolution over various periods of time, at a rate between 1 and 2 orders of magnitude lower than the alkalis (K and Na). The preferential release of alkalis is followed by an in situ repolymerization of the silicate network. Pb is only depleted in the outermost part of the alteration layer. In the remaining part, it stays mainly surrounded by Si in a stable structural configuration similar to that of the pristine glass. A simple model is proposed to estimate the Pb concentration as a function of glass surface, solution volume, temperature, and contact time.

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Estimation of lead intake from crystalware under conditions of consumer use

Cited by 20 publications

References 5 publications

Application of life cycle assessment to the production of man-made crystal glass

Application of life cycle assessment to the production of man-made crystal glass

Lead Exposures in U.S. Children, 2008: Implications for Prevention

Structure and Chemical Durability of Lead Crystal Glass

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