Estimation of Most Probable Number Salmonella Populations on Commercial North Carolina Turkey Farms

Santos, Fernanda Batista Oliveira; Li, X.; Payne, J. B.; Sheldon, Brian W.

doi:10.1093/japr/14.4.700

Cited by 32 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…2005; Nayak et al, 2003;Rostagno et al, 2006;Santos et al, 2005), means that detection is not normally difficult and can be achieved to an acceptable level with one pair of boot swabs walked round the whole house . Sensitivity analysis in the EU baseline survey (EFSA, 2008b) showed that almost all MSs had a large proportion of positive flocks with all five pairs of boot swabs positive.…”

Section: Monitoring Systems In the Eumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Fattening turkeys are required to be monitored either with two pairs of boot swabs or a single pair of boot swabs combined with a dust swab sample to be taken within three weeks before slaughter. In fattening turkeys the high level of spread and excretion of Salmonella within a flock (Harbaugh et al, 2006;Hoover et al, 1997) and persistence in older birds, unlike broilers (Cox et al, 2000;Eblen et al, 2005;Nayak et al, 2003;Rostagno et al, 2006;Santos et al, 2005), means that detection is not normally difficult and can be achieved to an acceptable level with one pair of boot swabs walked round the whole house . Sensitivity analysis in the EU baseline survey (EFSA, 2008b) showed that almost all MSs had a large proportion of positive flocks with all five pairs of boot swabs positive.…”

Section: Monitoring Systems In the Eumentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scientific Opinion on an estimation of the public health impact of setting a new target for the reduction ofSalmonellain turkeys

Publication¹

2012

EFSA Journal

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The quantitative contribution of turkeys and other major animal‐food sources to the burden of human salmonellosis in the European Union was estimated. A ‘Turkey Target Salmonella Attribution Model’ (TT‐SAM) based on the microbial‐subtyping approach was used. TT‐SAM includes data from 25 EU Member States, four animal‐food sources of Salmonella and 23 Salmonella serovars. The model employs 2010 EU statutory monitoring data on Salmonella in animal populations (EU baseline survey data for pigs), data on reported cases of human salmonellosis and food availability data. It estimates that 2.6 %, 10.6 %, 17.0 % and 56.8 % of the human salmonellosis cases are attributable to turkeys, broilers, laying hens (eggs) and pigs, respectively. The top‐6 serovars of fattening turkeys that contribute most to human cases are S. Enteritidis, S. Kentucky, S. Typhimurium, S. Newport, S. Virchow and S. Saintpaul. Comparing the prevalence of Salmonella in turkey flocks reported in 2010 with a theoretical combined prevalence for S. Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium of 1 % (i.e. the transitional target), a reduction of 0.4 % in the percentage of turkey‐associated human salmonellosis cases would be achieved. However, when adjusting the combined prevalence of all serovars to 1 %, an 83.2 % reduction in the percentage of turkey‐associated human salmonellosis cases, equivalent to 2.2 % of all human salmonellosis cases, is expected. Uncertainty and data limitations are discussed, including recommendations on how these could be overcome. Vertical transmission of Salmonella as well as hatchery acquired Salmonella contamination originating from breeding stock are very important sources for Salmonella infection in turkeys, and therefore controlling Salmonella in breeding flocks as well as in rearing and fattening flocks is necessary to minimise Salmonella in turkeys at slaughter.

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Section: Monitoring Systems In the Eumentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Monitoring Systems In the Eumentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on an estimation of the public health impact of setting a new target for the reduction ofSalmonellain turkeys

Publication¹

2012

EFSA Journal

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“…Poultry faeces are known to contain pathogens, such as Campylobacter and Salmonella , that can be transmitted by waterborne routes (Leclerc et al. 2002; Newell and Fearnley 2003; Santos et al. 2005; Li et al.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The application of poultry litter to fields has been linked to eutrophication of water bodies (Mozaffari and Sims 1994;Sharpley et al 1996), the spread of pathogens and indicator bacteria (Edwards and Daniel 1994;Kelley et al 1994;Jenkins et al 2006), pollution of air and soil with metals (Connor et al 2005;Pirani et al 2006) and contamination of groundwater with nitrate (Bitzer and Sims 1988). Poultry faeces are known to contain pathogens, such as Campylobacter and Salmonella, that can be transmitted by waterborne routes (Leclerc et al 2002;Newell and Fearnley 2003;Santos et al 2005;Li et al 2007). Land application is the prevalent disposal method for poultry litter in the United States (Bujozcek et al 2000;Kelleher et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of a Brevibacterium marker gene specific to poultry litter and development of a quantitative PCR assay

Weidhaas¹,

Macbeth

Olsen

et al. 2010

Journal of Applied Microbiology

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Aim: To identify a DNA sequence specific to a bacterium found in poultry litter that was indicative of faecal contamination by poultry sources. Methods and Results: Faecally contaminated poultry litter and soils were used as source material for the development of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method targeting the 16S rRNA gene of a Brevibacterium sp. The identified sequence had 98% nucleotide identity to the 16S rRNA gene of Brevibacterium avium. The qPCR method was tested on 17 soiled litter samples; 40 chicken faecal samples; and 116 nontarget faecal samples from cattle, swine, ducks, geese, and human sewage collected across the United States. The 571‐bp product was detected in 76% of poultry‐associated samples, but not in 93% of faecal samples from other sources. Marker concentrations were 107–109 gene copies per gram in soiled litter, up to 105 gene copies per gram in spread‐site soils, and 107 gene copies per litre in field run‐off water. Results were corroborated by a blinded study conducted by a second laboratory. Conclusion: The poultry‐specific PCR product is a useful marker gene for assessing the impact of faecal contamination as a result of land‐applied poultry litter. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study describes the first quantitative, sensitive and specific microbial source tracking method for the detection of poultry litter contamination.

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“…Numerous studies have demonstrated the cause-and-effect relationship between land application of poultry litter and contamination of environmental waters and soils due to chemical and microbial pollution from runoff (3)(4)(5)(6). The presence of pathogens such as Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus along with fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) such as enterococci and Escherichia coli in poultry litter is of particular concern from a public health perspective (7)(8)(9)(10). The human disease risk associated with contamination of environmental water bodies with human fecal material is unambiguous; in contrast, the risk of disease from nonhuman fecal contamination (from animals and birds) is more variable and host dependent (11).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

LA35 Poultry Fecal Marker Persistence Is Correlated with That of Indicators and Pathogens in Environmental Waters

Weidhaas

Harwood

2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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bDisposal of fecally contaminated poultry litter by land application can deliver pathogens and fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) into receiving waters via runoff. While water quality is regulated by FIB enumeration, FIB testing provides inadequate information about contamination source and health risk. This microbial source tracking (MST) study compared the persistence of the Brevibacterium sp. strain LA35 16S rRNA gene (marker) for poultry litter with that of pathogens and FIB under outdoor, environmentally relevant conditions in freshwater, marine water, and sediments over 7 days. Salmonella enterica, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter coli, Bacteroidales, and LA35 were enumerated by quantitative PCR (qPCR), and Enterococcus spp. and E. coli were quantified by culture and qPCR. Unlike the other bacteria, C. jejuni was not detectable after 48 h. Bacterial levels in the water column consistently declined over time and were highly correlated among species. Survival in sediments ranged from a slow decrease over time to growth, particularly in marine microcosms and for Bacteroidales. S. enterica also grew in marine sediments. Linear decay rates in water (k) ranged from ؊0.17 day ؊1 for LA35 to ؊3.12 day ؊1 for C. coli. LA35 levels correlated well with those of other bacteria in the water column but not in sediments. These observations suggest that, particularly in the water column, the fate of LA35 in aquatic environments is similar to that of FIB, C. coli, and Salmonella, supporting the hypothesis that the LA35 marker gene can be a useful tool for evaluating the impact of poultry litter on water quality and human health risk.T he practice of applying poultry litter (bedding contaminated with feces) as fertilizer is the chosen method of disposal of several billion tons of litter per year in the United States (1, 2). Numerous studies have demonstrated the cause-and-effect relationship between land application of poultry litter and contamination of environmental waters and soils due to chemical and microbial pollution from runoff (3-6). The presence of pathogens such as Campylobacter jejuni, Salmonella enterica, and Staphylococcus aureus along with fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) such as enterococci and Escherichia coli in poultry litter is of particular concern from a public health perspective (7-10). The human disease risk associated with contamination of environmental water bodies with human fecal material is unambiguous; in contrast, the risk of disease from nonhuman fecal contamination (from animals and birds) is more variable and host dependent (11).Currently, water body contamination by fecal pollution is assessed by FIB levels. A body of literature has established that fecal coliforms, E. coli, and Enterococcus spp. can persist in environmental waters and in sediments (12-14), indicating the existence of extraintestinal reservoirs of FIB. The ability of enteric pathogens to persist in environmental waters and sediments is much less clear and almost certainly varies by pathogen type and species (13,15). A better ...

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Estimation of Most Probable Number Salmonella Populations on Commercial North Carolina Turkey Farms

Cited by 32 publications

References 27 publications

Scientific Opinion on an estimation of the public health impact of setting a new target for the reduction ofSalmonellain turkeys

Scientific Opinion on an estimation of the public health impact of setting a new target for the reduction ofSalmonellain turkeys

Identification of a Brevibacterium marker gene specific to poultry litter and development of a quantitative PCR assay

LA35 Poultry Fecal Marker Persistence Is Correlated with That of Indicators and Pathogens in Environmental Waters

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