“…Our attempt starts with Riyadh (Saudi Arabia), one of the largest cities on the Arabian Peninsula and is usually considered as an ideal place for satellite detection of urban plumes (e.g., NO2 and CO) due to its isolated location, large emission, and frequent clear sky conditions (Beirle et al, 2011;Lama et al, 2022;Valin et al, 2013). It is also an optimal spot to observe the HCHO urban plume as it is surrounded by desert and has low biogenic VOC emissions.…”