Estimation of operators’ fatigue using optical methods for determination of pupil activity

Różanowski, K.; Bernat, Michał; Kamińska, Agnieszka

doi:10.13075/ijomeh.1896.00274

Cited by 4 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…However, the determination of the PUI consists of an 11 min recording of the pupil diameter during which the driver is forced to pause. Besides the PUI, Rozanowski et al determined parameters of the pupillary light reflex (PLR) in order to investigate the level of fatigue [ 8 ]. The authors identified parameters of the PLR that were altered by fatigue and concluded, that the measurement of the PLR might be a useful tool to estimate fatigue, but quite faster in comparison to the PUI determination.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The pupillary light reflex (PLR) as a marker for the ability to work or drive – a feasibility study

Kaifie

Reugels

Kraus

et al. 2021

J Occup Med Toxicol

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Background The PLR (pupillary light reflex) can be a marker for pathological medical conditions, such as neurodegenerative or mental health disorders and diseases as well as marker for physiological alterations, such as age, sex or iris color. PLR alterations have been described in people after alcohol consumption, as well. However, the effect of sleep deprivation on PLR parameters is still under debate. Methods The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of PLR measurements in sleep-deprived and alcohol-exposed participants. In addition, we wanted to identify PLR parameters that were altered by sleep deprivation and alcohol exposure. Results Altogether n = 50 participants have been included in this study. Differences in the PLR parameters initial diameter (dinit), latency (∆tlat), acceleration (∆ta), contraction velocity (ϑcon), quarter dilatation velocity (ϑ1/4dil), half dilatation time (∆t1/2), and the line integral (L(0.3500)) have been evaluated between baseline, sleep deprivation, as well as alcohol exposure. In a generalized linear mixed models design, we could observe statistically significant associations between the type of exposure and the PLR parameters half dilatation time and half dilatation time after the first light pulse (all p < 0.05). The participants’ latency showed a significant association in dependence of the type of exposure after the second light pulse (p < 0.05). Conclusion Our study delivers first promising results to further develop devices that may identify conditions that impair the ability to work or drive.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far, some studies already investigated the PLR as an indicator for fatigue showing divergent results. While two studies detected PLR alterations in relation to the level of fatigue [ 8 , 29 ], another study could not find any effects [ 30 ]. Fatigue, as well as well as drunkenness, are both drivers for accidents.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The pupillary light reflex (PLR) as a marker for the ability to work or drive – a feasibility study

Kaifie

Reugels

Kraus

et al. 2021

J Occup Med Toxicol

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show abstract

“…As shown by the results presented in the charts in Figs 7 and 8(d) and the results described in [15], it is possible to assess the level of fatigue while the subject performs the operator tasks. The currently used method for determination of PUI requires specific experimental conditions (full blackout) and is time-consuming (lasting 11 minutes).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are several predefined parameters that may be used to describe PLR. Parameters determined using the F²D Fit-For-Duty device by AMTech are as follows: latency L describes the delay between a light pulse and the pupil reaction; duration of reaction DR is the time to reach minimal value diameter; time of minimum diameter TMD is the time for which diameter is less than 50% of the beginning value; 2/3 contraction interval 2/3CI is the time in which the amplitude reaches 1/3 of the value in contraction phase; 1/3 redilatation interval 1/3 RI represents the time in which the amplitude reaches 1/3 of the value in redilatation phase; and amplitude A describes the difference between the maximum and minimum value of the diameter [13][14][15].…”

Section: Implementation Of the Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rheological model of dynamic pupillary reflex in the assessment of the level of autonomic nervous system activation

Różanowski¹,

Truszczyński²,

Lewandowski³

et al. 2016

WIT Transactions on Engineering Sciences

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The aim of this publication was to adapt a rheological model of Kelvin-Voigt in the description of the dynamic pupillary reflex. The pupillary reflex presents the results of physiological adaptation mechanisms in the human eye, i.e. response of the iris to the changing intensity of light falling on the retina under the condition of sensory deprivation. Pupillary light reflex (PLR) is a closed loop nerve reflex.The new approach to PLR evaluation presented by the authors consists of adapting the Kelvin-Voigt model to the description of this phenomenon. The authors, for their tests of correct implementation of the model, used data from pilot studies. Research was performed on a group of 10 volunteers in a laboratory environment, at night. The mean age of the study participants was 27 ± 0.4 years. For PLR registration, the F²D Fit-For-Duty system was used .The system provides useful data for shift work or for personnel in high-risk careers.The PLR measurements were taken for both eyes, which were exposed to a series of five flashes at 30-second intervals. The whole measurement of both eyes was conducted with patients wearing goggles, in order to maintain the same measurement conditions, mostly with regard to accommodation.Owing to proper implementation of the model, we managed to attain a high level of its adaptation to real data (>90%). The results show their strong correlation, and the model shows high sensitivity to changes in the shape of the reflex curve, caused by sleep deprivation introduced in the experiment.

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“…The device Fit-For-Duty by AmTech was used to conduct pupillometric examinations 20. The Pupillographic Sleepiness Test is considered an objective method for documenting sleepiness by monitoring spontaneous and unconscious oscillations of the pupil without stimulating light.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sleepiness of day workers and watchkeepers on board at high seas: a cross-sectional study

Oldenburg¹,

Jensen²

2019

BMJ Open

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ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of sleepiness on duty among day workers and watchkeepers on board.DesignCross-sectional survey in a maritime field study.Setting10 shipping companies with container vessels under German management.ParticipantsThe whole crew (75 day workers and 123 watchkeepers) during 18 voyages on 18 different container ships.Outcome measuresSleepiness on duty and efficiency of sleep using pupillometry (in a cross-shift design) and the SenseWear armband activity monitor.ResultsThe watchkeepers showed significantly shorter sleep periods than day workers (5.5 hours vs 5.8 hours). The average efficiency of sleep was 69.6% and significantly lower among watchkeepers (OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.26 to 0.88). 396 pupillometric examinations were carried out and revealed 88 study members (22.2%) with a pupillary unrest index (rPUI) in a range characterised as ‘unfit for duty’ and 110 seafarers (27.8%) categorised as ‘particular attention required’. The average rPUI was similar between day workers and watchkeepers. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale revealed recent daytime sleepiness in 70 seafarers, which was similarly often stated by day workers and watchkeepers. Based on the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS), a measurable cross-shift increase in the SSS value during the examined shift was observed, especially among watchkeepers. The amount of time already spent on the vessel at the time of the present examination was significantly associated with the rPUI (p=0.009).ConclusionSleep periods of both the day workers and the watchkeepers aboard vessels were alarmingly short and sleep efficiency was low. Sleepiness on duty is similarly prevalent among day workers and watchkeepers and seems to depend partly on the cumulative working period on the vessels. Preventive measures need to be taken by the shipping industry to counteract fatigue (eg, by enabling sufficient rest and sleep times).

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Estimation of operators’ fatigue using optical methods for determination of pupil activity

Cited by 4 publications

References 16 publications

The pupillary light reflex (PLR) as a marker for the ability to work or drive – a feasibility study

The pupillary light reflex (PLR) as a marker for the ability to work or drive – a feasibility study

Rheological model of dynamic pupillary reflex in the assessment of the level of autonomic nervous system activation

Sleepiness of day workers and watchkeepers on board at high seas: a cross-sectional study

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