Estimation of particle size distributions from turbidimetric measurements

Yang, Kai; Hogg, R.

doi:10.1021/ac50042a041

Cited by 35 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…When absorbance by the solution and solids is low, this is equivalent to measuring the turbidity (or light scattered) of a system. 27 The induction time is defined as the time prior to 25 the turbidity exceeding background levels 28 and is related to the nucleation rate for that system. 28 For the barite precipitation experiments, the barium chloride concentration, sodium sulfate concentrations and temperature were all equivalent to those used in the conductivity experiments.…”

Section: Conductivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphonate additives do not always inhibit crystallization

et al. 2011

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This paper investigates crystal growth modifiers based on 1,3,5-substituted benzene derivatives. The results show that as expected, the phosphonated derivative inhibits calcite precipitation to a much greater degree than the analogous sulfonate. However, on barium sulfate, both molecules show some crystallization promotion behaviour, with the phosphonate being the more potent 10 promoter overall. Thus, the functional group alone does not determine the impact the organic molecule will have on crystallization. This opens the way for additives that have dual purposes (inhibiting the crystallization of one phase while not impacting or promoting the crystallization of other phases).

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Section: Conductivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Phosphonate additives do not always inhibit crystallization

et al. 2011

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“…According to Mie-Lorenz theory, the specific turbidity (the turbidity independent of particle concentration) is at a maximum where the particle radius is close to the wavelength of the impinging light (vanous et al, 1982). The form of the relationship is also partially dependent on the standard deviation of the particle size distribution (Yang and Hogg, 1979). Mie-Lorenz theory was used by Baker and Lavelle (1984), Ward and Chikwanha (1980) and Conner and De Visser (1992) in attempts to explain the effect of variations in particle size on specific turbidity.…”

Section: Particle Sizementioning

confidence: 99%

Potential of turbidity monitoring for measuring the transport of suspended solids in streams

Gippel

1995

Hydrological Processes

296

239

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Investigating the transport of suspended solids by water sampling usually leads to an underestimation of loads and an unrealistically high sampling frequency is required to properly characterize temporal trends. An alternative method is to use in situ optical turbidimeters to estimate the suspended solids concentration; however, the relationship between turbidity and suspended solids concentration is potentially confounded by variations in particle size, particle composition and water colour. Field measurements, and laboratory measurements using the type of natural material suspended in streamwater, were made to quantify the influences of these factors on nephelometric turbidity (Hach 2100A) and attenuance turbidity (Partech 7000 3Rp MKII). The attenuance turbidity was approximately 2.5 times higher than nephelometric turbidity. The turbidity instruments were most sensitive to dispersions with a median diameter of 1.2-1.4pm. Particle size variation can cause the turbidity to vary by a factor of four for the same concentration of suspended solids. However, the numerous close correlations between turbidity and suspended solids concentration reported previously suggests that either the particle size variations are not usually great, or that particle size variations are often associated with variations in suspended solids concentration. For the same concentration and particle size, organic particles gave attenuance turbidity values two to three times higher than mineral particles. However, shortterm temporal variations from purely organic to purely mineral particle loads are rare in nature, so variations in the percentage of organic matter in the particulate load will not confound turbidity to this extent. Coloured dissolved organic matter is unlikely to alter the turbidity reading by more than 10%. An adequate relationship between turbidity measured in the field and suspended solids concentration should be expected in most situations. Some variance can be tolerated because a continuous estimate of suspended solids concentration overcomes the problem of infrequent sampling, which is the greatest source of error in the estimation of stream sediment loads.

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“…In the early part of this work a turbidimetric method similar to those of Meehan and Beattie [I] and Yang and Hogg [7] was adopted. Coupler dispersion samples were diluted with water (200-fold, to give c -1 g/l) and measured in a 1 mm cell at 400 nm and 700 nm using a Cary 17 spectrophotometer.…”

Section: Application Of Established Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many of these can be found described in the work of the following selection of authors. The systems studied, and the measurement wavelengths, are given in each case: Meehun and Beattie [ 11 (silver bromide sols, 450 nm and 800 nm), Gledhill [2] (Kodacolor coupler dispersions, 400 nm -800 nm), Wales [3] (rubber latexes, 600 nm -1 .I pm), Wallach and Heller [4] (polystyrene latex, 400 nm-650 nm), Wutillon and Duuchot [5] (selenium sols, 240 nm -1.1 pm), Walstru [6] (fat globules in milk, 400 nm -1.2 pm, 1.7 pm), Yung and Hogg [7] (mineral suspensions, 4wavelengths in therange436nm -800nm), Shawand Darling [8] (edible fat droplets, 9 wavelengths in the range 380nm -1.7 pm), and Melik and Fogler [9] (octacosane suspensions, 435.8 nm and 546.1 nm). The colloids of interest in the present work were Ektacolor coupler dispersions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particle Size Distribution Measurement by Automated Dual Wavelength Turbidimetry

Haseler

1985

Part & Part Syst Charact

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Numerous methods have been reported in the literature for the measurement of (submicron) particle size distribution by turbidimetry. Attempts to apply some of these to coupler dispersions (oil-in-water emulsions of importance in the photographic industry) have not in general proved satisfactory, however, because small experimental errors lead to relatively large errors in the calculated distribution. In order to reduce this problem a turbidi-metric technique involvingmeasurements at two widely separated wavelengths, 400 nm and 2.22 pm, has been developed. Its accuracy has been demonstrated using polydisperse polystyrene latexes of known size distribution. With the aid of simple, purpose-built equipment, linked to a desktop computer, the technique has been largely automated so that it is suitable for use by an unskilled operator working in a factory environment.

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Estimation of particle size distributions from turbidimetric measurements

Cited by 35 publications

References 9 publications

Phosphonate additives do not always inhibit crystallization

Phosphonate additives do not always inhibit crystallization

Potential of turbidity monitoring for measuring the transport of suspended solids in streams

Particle Size Distribution Measurement by Automated Dual Wavelength Turbidimetry

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