“…In contrast to that, e.g., Borfecchia et al (2010), Geiß et al (2015a, 2017b, 2018, Liuzzi et al (2019), Liu et al (2019), Torres et al (2019), and An et al (2021) combined limited in situ ground truth information characterizing the building inventory with features from remote sensing and use techniques of statistical inference for a complete labeling of the residual building inventory according to specific vulnerability levels or more generic properties such as construction material or occupancy, respectively. Related methodological principles were also exploited by, e.g., Wieland et al (2012Wieland et al ( , 2016, Wieland (2013), Geiß et al (2016), Pittore et al (2020), andFan et al (2021) to assess seismic vulnerability or related parameters on a coarser spatial level to allow for the use of data with larger spatial coverage. Recently, Aravena Pelizari et al (2021) deployed street-level imagery that was extracted from the GoogleStreetView platform and classified various seismic structural types with deep learning models to automatically compile relevant in situ data.…”