Estimation of raindrop size distribution and rain rate with infrared surveillance camera in dark conditions

Abstract

Abstract. This study estimated raindrop size distribution (DSD) and rainfall intensity with an infrared surveillance camera in dark conditions. Accordingly, rain streaks were extracted using a k-nearest-neighbor (KNN)-based algorithm. The rainfall intensity was estimated using DSD based on a physical optics analysis. The estimated DSD was verified using a disdrometer for the two rainfall events. The results are summarized as follows. First, a KNN-based algorithm can accurately recognize rain streaks from complex backgrounds captured by the camera. Second, the number concentration of raindrops obtained through closed-circuit television (CCTV) images had values between 100 and 1000 mm−1 m−3, and the root mean square error (RMSE) for the number concentration by CCTV and PARticle SIze and VELocity (PARSIVEL) was 72.3 and 131.6 mm−1 m−3 in the 0.5 to 1.5 mm section. Third, the maximum raindrop diameter and the number concentration of 1 mm or less produced similar results during the period with a high ratio of diameters of 3 mm or less. Finally, after comparing with the 15 min cumulative PARSIVEL rain rate, the mean absolute percent error (MAPE) was 49 % and 23 %, respectively. In addition, the differences according to rain rate are that the MAPE was 36 % at a rain rate of less than 2 mm h−1 and 80 % at a rate above 2 mm h−1. Also, when the rain rate was greater than 5 mm h−1, MAPE was 33 %. We confirmed the possibility of estimating an image-based DSD and rain rate obtained based on low-cost equipment during dark conditions.

Study on the impact of ubiquitous sensing of rainfall data on hydrological simulation

“…The advances in ubiquitous sensing present an emerging opportunity to improve our capability to monitor the weather. Very recently, ubiquitous sensors, including smart phones (Yin et al 2022), surveillance cameras (Lee et al 2022), microwave communication links (Chwala and Kunstmann. 2019) and vehicle-based automatic windshield wiper sensors (Rabiei et al 2016) have been explored for quantitative rainfall measurement.…”