Estimation of reaction force of a keyboard switch based on Kansei information using neural networks

Optimal design of a haptic popping toy using response surface

“…These human factors should be elucidated in the future. Although this study did not measure the reaction force and displacement of the dome during buckling, the correspondence between the dynamic patterns of the reaction forces and the haptic sensations is important, as indicated in earlier studies (Gaspar et al, 2017;Hatzfeld et al, 2010;Kosaka et al, 2005;Vieira et al, 2017;Weir et al, 2004). In the future, optimization must be performed from the viewpoint of the reaction force.…”

“…The stiffness was defined as the hardness of the dome. Buckling and stiffness were adopted from a study by Kosaka et al (2005), in which seven types of affective attributes were used to evaluate mechanical buttons. We selected only stiffness and buckling, which is referred to as clicking in the study by Kosaka et al (2005), because the other five attributes, such as smoothness and clarity, were inapplicable to popping toys.…”

“…Buckling and stiffness were adopted from a study by Kosaka et al (2005), in which seven types of affective attributes were used to evaluate mechanical buttons. We selected only stiffness and buckling, which is referred to as clicking in the study by Kosaka et al (2005), because the other five attributes, such as smoothness and clarity, were inapplicable to popping toys. Similar attributes, including hardness and crispness, were used by Hatzfeld et al (2010) and Miyairi et al (2022) to evaluate the haptic feel of buttons.…”

“…Hatzfeld et al (2010) reported that this force difference also influences the hardness, smoothness, and gentleness of the switches. Kosaka et al (2005) proposed a system for designing mechanical switches so that their reaction force produces the desired affective attributes. Valverde et al (2019) measured the reaction forces of 18 types of push buttons and defined 20 parameters calculated from the reaction forces.…”

“…Valverde et al (2019) measured the reaction forces of 18 types of push buttons and defined 20 parameters calculated from the reaction forces. Therefore, earlier studies have examined the effects of stroke (displacement) and reaction force on the subjective evaluation of pressing performance (Colton et al, 2007a(Colton et al, , 2007bKim and Lee, 2013;Kosaka et al, 2005;Valverde et al, 2019;Wu et al, 2016;Wu and Smith, 2015). Although optimizing designs for the buckling feel based on such an examination may be possible, few studies have demonstrated methods to achieve the optimal feel.…”