Estimation of Residual Nickel and Some Heavy Metals in Vanaspati Ghee

Abstract

To convert vegetable edible oils into vanaspati ghee, nickel is used as a catalyst in the hydrogenation process. A simple and fast method for the trace level determination of nickel in ghee is reported. In this work different methods were applied for the extraction of residual nickel from ghee samples. Using toluene, benzene and carbon tetrachloride as organic solvents, an acid mixture was used for the extraction of nickel. Extracted nickel was quantified with atomic absorption and colorimetric methods. Among the organic solvents, toluene proved to be the best solvent mediating a 95% extraction of nickel from ghee samples. Nickel was extracted and determined in ten different brands of ghee and in all samples its amount was well above the permissible limit of WHO (0.2 mg/g). Other metals like lead, zinc, copper, and cadmium were also determined and their concentrations were found to be much below the WHO permissible limits. Environmental Levels and Human ExposureNickel levels in terrestrial and aquatic organisms can vary over several orders of magnitude. Typical atmospheric nickel levels for human exposure range from about 5 to 35 ng/m 3 at rural and urban sites, leading to a nickel uptake via inhalation of 0.1-0.7 mg/day. Nickel in the drinking-water is generally less than 10 mg/L, but occasionally may be released from the plumbing fittings, resulting in concentrations of up to 500 mg/litre. 4 Nickel concentrations in food are usually below 0.5 mg/kg fresh weight. Daily intake of nickel from food will vary widely because of different dietary habits and can

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