Estimation of technical and economic potential of offshore wind along the coast of India

Spatio-temporal assessment and economic analysis of a grid-connected island province toward a 35% or greater domestic renewable energy portfolio: a case in Bohol, Philippines

“…For offshore wind farms, Refs. [ 52 , 53 ] used the levelized production cost (LPC). Non-spatial studies also used similar cost metrics, such as the present value costs (PVC) [ 54 ] or both LCOE and PVC [ 55 ].…”

Renewable energy from the high seas: Geo-spatial modelling of resource potential and legal implications for developing offshore wind projects beyond the national jurisdiction of coastal States

“…where v h is the wind speed at hub height h, v 10 is the wind speed at reference height 10 m above sea level, and z 0 (meters) is the surface roughness length, for which the established open sea surface roughness coefficient of 0.0002 m was adopted (Nagababu et al, 2017;Soukissian et al, 2017). In the context of this study it was assumed that suitable sites for offshore wind energy developments on the high seas should exhibit a minimum average annual wind speed of at least 7.5 m/s at 100 m hub height.…”

“…Other researchers focused on specific coastal EEZ, e.g. the UK (Cavazzi and Dutton, 2016), India (Nagababu et al, 2017), and the U.S. (Musial et al, 2016).…”

Offshore Wind Power Integration into Future Power Systems: Overview and Trends

“…In addition, offshore wind energy presents many advantages compared to onshore wind power plants, especially related to wind energy potential [44,45]: (i) Offshore mean wind speeds are higher and wind power variability is also lower than onshore wind power; (ii) their visual and acoustic impact is usually lower than onshore; subsequently (iii) larger wind turbines (WTs) can be installed [46]. Actually, on the European coasts, the available offshore wind energy is about 350 GW [47]; the USA's shores present an offshore wind power potential of more than 2000 GW [48]; the offshore wind resource in China is about 500 GW in water depth under 50 m [49]; and the east and west Indian coasts have an offshore wind potential of 4.4 GW and 6.7 GW, respectively [50].…”