Estimation of the Amount of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Transmitted by a Single Infected Aedes Aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Mellink, J. J.

doi:10.1093/jmedent/19.3.275

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…For example, in our study blocks we detected Psorophora (especially cingulata ), Mansonia and Coquillettidia species, which have been shown to be competent vectors in the laboratory [48],[49]. Additionally, Aedes aegypti has been shown to be a competent vector of both enzootic [50] and epizootic VEEV in the laboratory [51],[52],[53],[54] and is present throughout the city of Iquitos. While feeding preference, as well as temporal and spatial distribution, argues against a role for Aedes aegypti in VEEV transmission cycles in Iquitos, the possibility warrants further examination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus in Iquitos, Peru: Urban Transmission of a Sylvatic Strain

et al. 2008

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Enzootic strains of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) have been isolated from febrile patients in the Peruvian Amazon Basin at low but consistent levels since the early 1990s. Through a clinic-based febrile surveillance program, we detected an outbreak of VEEV infections in Iquitos, Peru, in the first half of 2006. The majority of these patients resided within urban areas of Iquitos, with no report of recent travel outside the city. To characterize the risk factors for VEEV infection within the city, an antibody prevalence study was carried out in a geographically stratified sample of urban areas of Iquitos. Additionally, entomological surveys were conducted to determine if previously incriminated vectors of enzootic VEEV were present within the city. We found that greater than 23% of Iquitos residents carried neutralizing antibodies against VEEV, with significant associations between increased antibody prevalence and age, occupation, mosquito net use, and overnight travel. Furthermore, potential vector mosquitoes were widely distributed across the city. Our results suggest that while VEEV infection is more common in rural areas, transmission also occurs within urban areas of Iquitos, and that further studies are warranted to identify the precise vectors and reservoirs involved in urban VEEV transmission.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus in Iquitos, Peru: Urban Transmission of a Sylvatic Strain

et al. 2008

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“…However, there are disagreements over the best methods to conduct such studies; the controversial points include mosquito species, generation number, feeding strategy, infection method, incubation temperature and length, virus strain and technique used to quantify transmitted virus. All these variables have the potential to affect the infection dynamics and alter the conclusions of the study (Chamberlain et al, 1954; Grimstad et al, 1980; Mellink, 1982; Watts et al, 1987; Colton et al, 2005; Smith et al, 2005). Some studies have suggested levels as high as 1 × 10 8.7 genome equivalents or almost 1 × 10 7 PFUs can be transmitted, though rarely (Colton et al, 2005; Styer et al, 2007).…”

Section: Virus Deliverymentioning

confidence: 99%

Can non-human primates serve as models for investigating dengue disease pathogenesis?

et al. 2013

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Dengue Virus (DV) infects between 50 and 100 million people globally, with public health costs totaling in the billions. It is the causative agent of dengue fever (DF) and dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome (DHF/DSS), vector-borne diseases that initially predominated in the tropics. Due to the expansion of its mosquito vector, Aedes spp., DV is increasingly becoming a global problem. Infected individuals may present with a wide spectrum of symptoms, spanning from a mild febrile to a life-threatening illness, which may include thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, hepatomegaly, hemorrhaging, plasma leakage and shock. Deciphering the underlining mechanisms responsible for these symptoms has been hindered by the limited availability of animal models that can induce classic human pathology. Currently, several permissive non-human primate (NHP) species and mouse breeds susceptible to adapted DV strains are available. Though virus replication occurs in these animals, none of them recapitulate the cardinal features of human symptomatology, with disease only occasionally observed in NHPs. Recently our group established a DV serotype 2 intravenous infection model with the Indian rhesus macaque, which reliably produced cutaneous hemorrhages after primary virus exposure. Further manipulation of experimental parameters (virus strain, immune cell expansion, depletion, etc.) can refine this model and expand its relevance to human DF. Future goals include applying this model to elucidate the role of pre-existing immunity upon secondary infection and immunopathogenesis. Of note, virus titers in primates in vivo and in vitro, even with our model, have been consistently 1000-fold lower than those found in humans. We submit that an improved model, capable of demonstrating severe pathogenesis may only be achieved with higher virus loads. Nonetheless, our DV coagulopathy disease model is valuable for the study of select pathomechanisms and testing DV drug and vaccine candidates.

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“…Many studies have estimated the arbovirus dose delivered by an infected mosquito during feeding. 1,2,4,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] Chamberlain and others 4 estimated the amount of eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) inoculated by orally (viremic chicken) infected Ae. aegypti mosquitoes to be highly variable, ranging from undetectable to 5 log 10 mouse intracerebral 50% lethal doses (ICLD 50 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Methods to Assess Transmission Potential of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus by Mosquitoes and Estimation of Mosquito Saliva Titers

Smith

Carrara

Aguilar

et al. 2005

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Determining the dose of an arbovirus transmitted by a mosquito is important to design transmission and pathogenesis studies simulating natural infection. Several different artificial infection and transmission methods used to assess vector competence and to estimate the dose injected during mosquito feeding have not been fully evaluated to determine whether they accurately reflect natural transmission. Additionally, it is not known whether different mosquito vectors transmit similar amounts of a given virus. Therefore, we compared three traditional artificial transmission methods using Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and Aedes albopictus and Ochlerotatus taeniorhynchus mosquitoes. Both the mosquito species and the infection route used affected the amount of virus detected in the saliva after a 10-day extrinsic incubation period. Median titers of virus detected in saliva of Ae. albopictus and Oc. taeniorhynchus mosquitoes ranged from 0.2 to 1.1 log(10) (mean 0.7-1.4 log(10)) and 0.2 to 3.2 log(10) (mean 1.0-3.6 log(10)) plaque-forming units, respectively. The results of this study will aid in the design of transmission and pathogenesis studies involving arboviruses.

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Estimation of the Amount of Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Transmitted by a Single Infected Aedes Aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus in Iquitos, Peru: Urban Transmission of a Sylvatic Strain

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus in Iquitos, Peru: Urban Transmission of a Sylvatic Strain

Can non-human primates serve as models for investigating dengue disease pathogenesis?

Evaluation of Methods to Assess Transmission Potential of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus by Mosquitoes and Estimation of Mosquito Saliva Titers

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