Estimation of the average power density in the vicinity of cellular base-station collinear array antennas

Faraone, A.; Tay, R.; Joyner, K.H.; Balzano, Quirino

doi:10.1109/25.845115

Cited by 57 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Other studies of the base station problem have generally taken the distances of interest to be within the near field, but not the reactive field, or the far field region. For example, Faraone et al [2000] demonstrated the cylindrical form of the electromagnetic waves propagating energy away within the near field of base station antennas with a general number of collinear radiators, placing the body at distances beyond the reactive field region, and obtained prediction formulas for average power density against distance. They discussed further the relationship of the power density to measurements of the squared electric field modulus jEj 2 and of the squared electric field component parallel to the antennas jE z j 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of safety distance limits for a human near a cellular base station antenna, adopting the IEEE standard or ICNIRP guidelines

Cooper

Marx

Buhl

et al. 2002

Bioelectromagnetics

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This paper investigates the minimum distance for a human body in the near field of a cellular telephone base station antenna for which there is compliance with the IEEE or ICNIRP threshold values for radio frequency electromagnetic energy absorption in the human body. First, local maximum specific absorption rates (SARs), measured and averaged over volumes equivalent to 1 and to 10 g tissue within the trunk region of a physical, liquid filled shell phantom facing and irradiated by a typical GSM 900 base station antenna, were compared to corresponding calculated SAR values. The calculation used a homogeneous Visible Human body model in front of a simulated base station antenna of the same type. Both real and simulated base station antennas operated at 935 MHz. Antenna-body distances were between 1 and 65 cm. The agreement between measurements and calculations was excellent. This gave confidence in the subsequent calculated SAR values for the heterogeneous Visible Human model, for which each tissue was assigned the currently accepted values for permittivity and conductivity at 935 MHz. Calculated SAR values within the trunk of the body were found to be about double those for the homogeneous case. When the IEEE standard and the ICNIRP guidelines are both to be complied with, the local SAR averaged over 1 g tissue was found to be the determining parameter. Emitted power values from the antenna that produced the maximum SAR value over 1 g specified in the IEEE standard at the base station are less than those needed to reach the ICNIRP threshold specified for the local SAR averaged over 10 g. For the GSM base station antenna investigated here operating at 935 MHz with 40 W emitted power, the model indicates that the human body should not be closer to the antenna than 18 cm for controlled environment exposure, or about 95 cm for uncontrolled environment exposure. These safe distance limits are for SARs averaged over 1 g tissue. The corresponding safety distance limits under the ICNIRP guidelines for SAR taken over 10 g tissue are 5 cm for occupational exposure and about 75 cm for general-public exposure.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of safety distance limits for a human near a cellular base station antenna, adopting the IEEE standard or ICNIRP guidelines

Cooper

Marx

Buhl

et al. 2002

Bioelectromagnetics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Because of the oscillatory field, a single point measured in the near field may not give a reliable presentation of the human exposure. In [17], a solution to the problem has been presented as an average power density measurement over the height of the antenna. This approach can be used, if the distance from the antenna is more than λ/2, and the measurements are averaged over a height equal at least to the half length of the antenna.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational exposure to RF fields from base station antennas on rooftops

2008

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At specific situations, workers need to approach very close to the transmitting base station antennas. In this study, occupational exposure to RF fields from base station antennas was assessed at several rooftops. The measurements were carried out by mapping the power densities around the antennas. The results were compared with the ICNIRP guidelines. The results indicate that the reference levels for workers and the general public may be exceeded in front of the transmitting antenna at distances up to 1 and 2 m, respectively.

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“…Several previous works [13,22,25] have focused on deriving analytical formulations to estimate the fields in the vicinity of collinear arrays. Although these formulations cover many usual cases of mobile telephony base stations, they are not general and they may not be accurate for many modern antennas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficient Determination of the Near-Field in the Vicinity of an Antenna for the Estimation of Its Safety Perimeter

Laviada¹,

Álvarez-López²,

Las-Heras³

2010

PIER

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Abstract-The following paper deals with the problem of computing a safety perimeter, i.e., where the electromagnetic field due to a radiating system exceeds a certain electromagnetic value. The flexibility of the source reconstruction method (SRM) is employed to compute the fields almost everywhere around the antenna. Techniques for fast computing of the fields in the spectral and spatial domains exploiting the characteristics of the SRM are considered in order to avoid expensive integrations over the sources surface. Results for a logperiodic antenna and a base station antenna for cellular phone systems are shown, and compared with the usual far-field approximation.

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Estimation of the average power density in the vicinity of cellular base-station collinear array antennas

Cited by 57 publications

References 7 publications

Determination of safety distance limits for a human near a cellular base station antenna, adopting the IEEE standard or ICNIRP guidelines

Determination of safety distance limits for a human near a cellular base station antenna, adopting the IEEE standard or ICNIRP guidelines

Occupational exposure to RF fields from base station antennas on rooftops

Efficient Determination of the Near-Field in the Vicinity of an Antenna for the Estimation of Its Safety Perimeter

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