Estimation of the Components of Residential Solid Waste in Baqubah City and their Generation Rate

Abstract

Municipal solid waste is of variable, non-uniform inconsistent nature and the method by which the sample to acquire is decisive if the results are to be reliable. For data collection, an integrated methodological approach was introduced, including field investigation, questionnaire survey, and personal interviews, which were employed to estimate the rate of waste production and physical composition at the source of generation. Samples were collected from different socio-economic clusters (socio-income level). According to the results of the preliminary survey for 99% confidence interval and 10% standard error, the optimum sample size was 105 households, in Baqubah City in Diyala Governorate by implementation a completely random block design for sampling. Up to 105 units were sampled which were allocated to high, middle, and low-income socio-economic categories, yielding an average of 650 kg of waste collected daily for one week. It is concluded that Baqubah city has an average generation rate of 0.56 kg/ person/ day which is lower in the high-economic level zone in the city than in the other zones. Among the total waste generated in the city, 68% is food waste, 5.2% paper waste,7.4% plastic waste, 5.8% metal, 2.3% glass waste,3.1% textile waste, while the remaining percentages represent miscellaneous combustible and noncombustible materials.

The Physical-Mechanical Properties in Aggressive Media of Epoxy Composite Reinforced with Waste Glass Materials

“…This study found the resistance of (glass/epoxy) samples was remain constant without any change after the immersion in the corrosive conditions.Composites reinforced by glass particles show an increase in some physical and mechanical properties when compared to elegant epoxy resin. The value of measured density for composite is obtained about 1.78 g/cm 3 . Modulus of elasticity and Vickers hardness value highest increased by (62%, 33%) respectively for composite at room temperature.…”

“…After immersion density fluctuate in epoxy pure as well as after post cured at 50 ° C, one of the initial strategies for improving the dimensional stability of composites was to attribute it to heat or thermal treatment [16]. The value of measured density for composite is obtained about 1.78 g/cm 3 , and remains constant during the immersion period at room temperature and 50°C . Figure (5) shows that the composite density cured at room temperature and at 50° C, before and after the immersion remain constant without any change after immersion in five solutions .…”

“…M: mass (gm) g: 9.8 m/s 2 L: the distance between two supports (mm) S: the deflection (mm) I: geometrical bending moment (mm 4 ) I = bd 3 12 (mm 4 ) (3) where: b: sample width (m), d: sample thickness (m).…”

“…This waste should be recycle as much as possible, either as nutrients, material, humus and energy. As a result, garbage can be a valuable resource [2,3]. Glass is a common material made from natural resources like sand,for many years, glass has been employed in a variety of applications, including optics, building and transportation.Although much of the waste glass is recycled to make new glass products.…”

Domestic Solid Waste Generation Rate Throughout 140 Continuous Days and Dissimilarity Between 2007 and 2021 in Erbil City

“…There have been a number of studies published on the quantity, characteristics, thermal production, composting and recycling of solid waste in Erbil City [2,[4][5][6][7][8][9]. Also, several pieces of research on domestic solid waste generation, MSW properties and management have been published in other provinces in Iraq [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. Monney et al [20] studied household solid waste characteristics in Wa, an urban community in Ghana.…”