Estimation of the high-spatial-resolution variability in extreme wind speeds for forestry applications

Venäläinen, Ari; Laapas, Mikko; Pirinen, Pentti; Horttanainen, Matti; Hyvönen, Reijo; Lehtonen, Ilari; Junila, Päivi; Hou, Meiting; Peltola, Heli

doi:10.5194/esd-8-529-2017

Cited by 17 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(71 reference statements)

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“…The reasoning for this is the lack of years with soil frost in the archipelago, leading to increased uncertainty in the calculation of wind speed return levels. Also, the insufficient performance of wind multiplier method for the small Baltic Sea islands found by [41] supports our decision.…”

Section: Structure and Restrictions Of Data Analysessupporting

confidence: 76%

“…The impact of local terrain features on maximum wind speed cannot fully be taken into account in the relatively coarse 0.75 • × 0.75 • grid of ERA-Interim, because for example, hills, lakes, and changes in land-use are not considered in detail. For this reason, in order to downscale the wind speed return level from the coarse grid to a high-resolution grid we used a wind multiplier approach tested recently by [41] for boreal forest conditions. In this study, only topographic and terrain (surface roughness) properties are taken into account when assessing local maximum wind speeds (and their return levels) separately for the eight cardinal and intercardinal wind directions.…”

Section: Downscaling Of the 10-year Return Levels Of Wind Speedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Following the study by [41], the return level of regional maximum wind speed (U R ) in an open terrain at a 10-m height is downscaled into site-specific return level (U site ) by applying two multipliers, i.e., terrain multiplier (M z ), and topographic (hill-shape) multiplier (M h ):…”

Section: Downscaling Of the 10-year Return Levels Of Wind Speedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As well, the elevation of the place of interest was taken into account. Development of the M z and M h multipliers used in this study were described more elaborately in the Sections 2.3 and 2.4 of [41]. According to [41], for areas with no extreme variations of elevation, the wind multiplier approach was a feasible method to identify at a high spatial resolution locations having the highest forest wind damage risks.…”

Section: Downscaling Of the 10-year Return Levels Of Wind Speedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The coarse resolution estimates of the 10-year return level of maximum wind speed were based on 1979-2014 ERA-Interim dataset [32]. Downscaling to a 20 m grid was done by applying the wind multiplier approach [41].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The 10-Year Return Levels of Maximum Wind Speeds under Frozen and Unfrozen Soil Forest Conditions in Finland

Laapas

Lehtonen

Venäläinen

et al. 2019

Climate

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Reliable high spatial resolution information on the variation of extreme wind speeds under frozen and unfrozen soil conditions can enhance wind damage risk management in forestry. In this study, we aimed to produce spatially detailed estimates for the 10-year return level of maximum wind speeds for frozen (>20 cm frost depth) and unfrozen soil conditions for dense Norway spruce stands on clay or silt soil, Scots pine stands on sandy soil and Scots pine stands on drained peatland throughout Finland. For this purpose, the coarse resolution estimates of the 10-year return levels of maximum wind speeds based on 1979–2014 ERA-Interim reanalysis were downscaled to 20 m grid by using the wind multiplier approach, taking into account the effect of topography and surface roughness. The soil frost depth was estimated using a soil frost model. Results showed that due to a large variability in the timing of annual maximum wind speed, differences in the 10-year return levels of maximum wind speeds between the frozen and unfrozen soil seasons are generally rather small. Larger differences in this study are mostly found in peatlands, where soil frost seasons are notably shorter than in mineral soils. Also, the high resolution of wind multiplier downscaling and consideration of wind direction revealed some larger local scale differences around topographic features like hills and ridgelines.

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Section: Structure and Restrictions Of Data Analysessupporting

confidence: 76%

Section: Downscaling Of the 10-year Return Levels Of Wind Speedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Downscaling Of the 10-year Return Levels Of Wind Speedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Downscaling Of the 10-year Return Levels Of Wind Speedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The 10-Year Return Levels of Maximum Wind Speeds under Frozen and Unfrozen Soil Forest Conditions in Finland

Laapas

Lehtonen

Venäläinen

et al. 2019

Climate

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Interpreting wind damage risk–how multifunctional forest management impacts standing timber at risk of wind felling

et al. 2022

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Landscape multifunctionality, a widely accepted challenge for boreal forests, aims to simultaneously provide timber, non-timber ecosystem services, and shelter for biodiversity. However, multifunctionality requires the use of novel forest management regimes optimally combined over the landscape, and an increased share of sets asides. It remains unclear how this combination will shape stand vulnerability to wind disturbances and exposed timber volume. We combined forest growth simulations and multi-objective optimization to create alternative landscape level forest management scenarios. Management choices were restricted to 1) rotation forestry, 2) continuous cover forestry, and 3) all regimes allowed over a harvest intensity gradient from completely set aside landscapes to maximal economic gain. Estimates for the stands’ structural and environmental characteristics were used to predict the stand level wind damage probability. We evaluated averaged wind-exposed standing timber volume and changing forest structure under management scenarios. Intensive rotation forestry reduced tree heights and wind damage risk, but also reduced landscape multifunctionality. Conversely, continuous cover forestry maintained multifunctionality but increased wind damage probability due to taller trees and higher thinning frequency. Overall, continuous cover forestry lowers the total volume of wind exposed timber at any given time compared with rotation forestry. Nevertheless, a selective application of rotation forestry contributes to high economic gains and increases landscape heterogeneity. A combination of management approaches across landscapes provides an efficient way to reduce the amount of wind-exposed timber volume while also increasing habitat for vertebrate and non-vertebrate species and satisfying high timber demands.

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Diversification of forest management can mitigate wind damage risk and maintain biodiversity

Potterf,

Eyvindson,

Blattert

et al. 2023

Eur J Forest Res

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Mitigating future forest risks, safeguarding timber revenues and improving biodiversity are key considerations for current boreal forest management. Alternatives to rotation forestry likely have an important role, but how they will perform under a changing climate remains unclear. We used a boreal forest growth simulator to explore how variations on traditional clear-cutting, in rotation length, thinning intensity, and increasing number of remaining trees after final harvest (green tree retention), and on extent of continuous cover forestry will affect stand-level probability of wind damage, timber production, deadwood volume, and habitats for forest species. We used business-as-usual rotation forestry as a baseline and compared alternative management adaptations under the reference and two climate change scenarios. Climate change increased overall timber production and had lower impacts on biodiversity compared to management adaptations. Shortening the rotation length reduced the probability of wind damage compared to business-as-usual, but also decreased both deadwood volume and suitable habitats for our focal species. Continuous cover forestry, and management with refraining from thinnings, and extension of rotation length represent complementary approaches benefiting biodiversity, with respective effects of improving timber revenues, reducing wind damage risk, and benefiting old-growth forest structures. However, extensive application of rotation length shortening to mitigate wind damage risk may be detrimental for forest biodiversity. To safeguard forest biodiversity over the landscape, shortening of the rotation length could be complemented with widespread application of regimes promoting old-growth forest structures.

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Estimation of the high-spatial-resolution variability in extreme wind speeds for forestry applications

Cited by 17 publications

References 51 publications

The 10-Year Return Levels of Maximum Wind Speeds under Frozen and Unfrozen Soil Forest Conditions in Finland

The 10-Year Return Levels of Maximum Wind Speeds under Frozen and Unfrozen Soil Forest Conditions in Finland

Interpreting wind damage risk–how multifunctional forest management impacts standing timber at risk of wind felling

Diversification of forest management can mitigate wind damage risk and maintain biodiversity

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