Estimation of the Purity of Preparations of Elementary Bodies of Vaccinia

Smadel, Joseph E.; Rivers, Thomas M.; Pickels, Edward G.

doi:10.1084/jem.70.4.379

Cited by 54 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Parker's conclusions have promoted a controversy, and views favoring or opposing his have been brought forward. Thus Smadel, et al (227) have obtained concordant results; and the same is true of Luria (134), who used bacteriophage in his studies, and analyzed statistically the results of others on animal and plant viruses. Sprunt and McDearman (see 231) verified Parker's results, but thought the results indicated that one particle would infect if it reached a susceptible cell.…”

Section: Invasiveness and Virulencementioning

confidence: 75%

Tissue Permeability and the Spreading Factors in Infection 1

Duran-Reynals¹

1942

Bacteriological Reviews

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Origin and distribution of the ground substance. It is generally accepted that, in adult life, the ground substance is a product of secretion of the C.T. cells (152, 257, 101, 11) and that through progressive transformations of this substance, argyrophilic fibers, collagen, and the matrices of all mesenchymal tissues are formed (101, 152). Its distribution has been studied by S. Bensley (11), who routinely used toluidine blue to detect it. She showed that in the guinea pig pancreas after duct ligation, and in the human uterine mucosa, there is a succession of phases: edema-* gelatinous ground substance-+ argyrophilic fibers-> collagen, the ground substance being considerably reduced at the last phase. The distribution of the ground substance was found to be the same in the umbilical cord, intima and media of blood vessels, C.T. of lower vertebrates, gastric mucous membranes, and in general in all reticular and embryonic tissues. Physical and chemical properties. Bensley's work has disclosed some general properties of the ground substance. By mounting fresh tissues in a medium of a different refractive index it is seen as a continuous, fairly granular, transparent substance in which fibers are imbedded. It is elastic and tends to retract when cut. As judged by the reactions of paramecia injected into the C.T., it is viscid and possibly acid. Its refractive index is between 1.33 and 1.34. It is extractable with 10% salt solution, and half-saturated lime water. It is digested by trypsin but not pepsin in contrast to collagen where the reverse is true. It combines with copper salts suggesting that it may contain a derivative of chondroitin sulphuric acid.

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Section: Invasiveness and Virulencementioning

confidence: 75%

Tissue Permeability and the Spreading Factors in Infection 1

Duran-Reynals¹

1942

Bacteriological Reviews

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“…Parker and Rivers, 1935;Steinhardt et al, 1913). Early studies with virus preparations from the skin of infected rabbits (Smadel et al, 1939) or the chorioallantois membrane (CAM) of embryonated chicken eggs (Dumbell et al, 1957) already provided evidence that more total particles (also called "elementary bodies") are produced than infectious VACV virions. Indeed, a ratio of 10 total particles to 1 plaque-forming unit (PFU) was determined for purified preparations of VACV using a protocol of ultracentrifugation through sucrose-gradient similar to the one still used for producing vaccine preparations (Joklik, 1962).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-plaque-forming virions of Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara express viral genes

Lülf

Freudenstein²,

Marr³

et al. 2016

Virology

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In cell culture infections with vaccinia virus the number of counted virus particles is substantially higher than the number of plaques obtained by titration. We found that standard vaccine preparations of recombinant Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara produce only about 20-30% plaque-forming virions in fully permissive cell cultures. To evaluate the biological activity of the non-plaque-forming particles, we generated recombinant viruses expressing fluorescent reporter proteins under transcriptional control of specific viral early and late promoters. Live cell imaging and automated counting by fluorescent microscopy indicated that virtually all virus particles can enter cells and switch on viral gene expression. Although most of the non-plaque-forming infections are arrested at the level of viral early gene expression, we detected activation of late viral transcription in 10-20% of single infected cells. Thus, non-plaque-forming particles are biologically active, and likely contribute to the immunogenicity of vaccinia virus vaccines.

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“…Elementary Bodies of Vacdnla.--Purified preparations of virus which had a close correlation between the number of infective units and the number of elementary bodies were employed in the present experiments. The methods of preparing the elementary 373 bodies and of estimating the purity of the resulting material have been recently described (9). In brief, the technique of preparation was that of Craigie (10), plus additional treatment designed to remove residual protein material adsorbed on the elementary bodies and also to remove excess salts, especially phosphates, which were present in the buffer solutions used in the early washings.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Constituents of Elementary Bodies of Vaccinia

Smadel

Lavin

Dubos

1940

Journal of Experimental Medicine

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Page 388, for the two sentences beginning with line 10, the following sentences should be substituted. The former type has been found in preparations of a number of plant viruses (30) and of the agent of Rous' sarcoma (31). Although nucleoproteins have been reported in several types of bacteriophage (32), the importance of phosphorus-containing componds in one of these agents has been recently questioned (33).

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Estimation of the Purity of Preparations of Elementary Bodies of Vaccinia

Cited by 54 publications

References 1 publication

Tissue Permeability and the Spreading Factors in Infection 1

Tissue Permeability and the Spreading Factors in Infection 1

Non-plaque-forming virions of Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara express viral genes

Some Constituents of Elementary Bodies of Vaccinia

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