Estimation of the Regenerative Potential of para-Tyrosol in the Model of Testicular Insufficiency Caused by Damage to Spermatogonial Stem Cells

DNA damage in testicular germ cells and spermatozoa. When and how is it induced? How should we measure it? What does it mean?

“…As a result, both oxidative DNA damage and apoptosis‐related, nuclease‐induced DNA fragmentation are observed when the testes is under stress, whether this is chemically, 36–38 psychologically, 39 or surgically 40 induced or the result of exposures to excessive ionizing radiation 41 or heat 42 . Several studies indicate that the germ‐line DNA damage associated with such testicular stress may be alleviated with reagents designed to impede the oxidative damage process such as lactoferrin 36 mitochondrial permeability transition pore inhibitors, 40 curcumin, 43 dimethyl sulfoxide, 41 lutein, 44 vitamin C, 45 vitamin E and vitamin C in combination, 46 silymarin, 47 trigonelline, 42 melatonin, 42 p‐tyrosol, 48 beta‐caryophyllene, 49 saponin 38 and a variety of other antioxidant compounds, administered alone or in combination 50–52 . The ability of commercial antioxidant formulations to resolve the testicular pathology associated with oxidative stress, generated either through the local application of heat or genetic inactivation of glutathione peroxidase 5 (one of the major antioxidant enzymes in the epididymis) has also been clearly demonstrated in animal models 53 …”