Estimation of Under-Reporting of Visceral Leishmaniasis Cases in Bihar, India

Singh, Vijay Pratap; Ranjan, Alok; Topno, Roshan Kamal; Verma, Rakesh Bihari; Siddique, N.; Ravidas, Vidya N; Kumar, Narendra; Pandey, Krishna; Das, Pradeep

doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2010.09-0235

Cited by 68 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…In this connection it is important to note that infection rates in human that act as reservoirs for VL transmission (e.g., post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis, P�DL) are signi�cantly higher, as observed in the four main states (e.g., Bihar, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Uttar Pradesh) of India [6]. Previous study has shown the conspicuous increase of visceral leishmaniasis cases in India, especially in Bihar [45,46]. One of the factors for increasing trend of the disease could be due to the increase in reporting of kala-azar cases at public health centers (PHCs) due to massive kala-azar awareness programme undertaken by health agencies and Government of India.…”

Section: Future Outlook and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, there is a great need to rigorously implement control interventions in those areas where the disease continues to be endemic, as documented by the latest available data of VL on a national scale [45,46,51,52]. In fact, north Bihar (India) that covers 31 districts along the Ganges River is characterized by high population densities, suitable climate, and large areas that are favourable for proliferation of P. argentipes breeding.…”

Section: Future Outlook and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Burden of Visceral Leishmaniasis in India: Challenges in Using Remote Sensing and GIS to Understand and Control

Bhunia

Kesari

Chatterjee

et al. 2013

ISRN Infectious Diseases

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Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) continues to constitute immense public health problems and be an obstacle to socioeconomic development in India. e scrutiny of this disease remains a necessary step in its control, eradication, and prevention. Space technologies proffer new opportunities for rapid appraisal of endemic areas, stipulation of trustworthy estimation of populations at risk, prediction of disease distributions in areas that lack baseline data and are difficult to access, and guiding intervention strategies. Here, we focus on the epidemiology and control of VL in India and review remote sensing (RS) and GIS applications to date. For the original evidenced report, a search was done on electronic databases of PubMed, ERMSS, EQUEST and from online Internet searching to come across the recent research problems. �e discuss the previous work conducted in this �eld, outlined potential new applications of GIS and RS techniques, and utilization of emerging satellite information, as they hold a promising area to further enhance VL risk mapping and prediction. Finally, we concluded with a discussion of strategies to overcome some of the perspective challenges of GIS and RS applications for VL control, so that supplementary and continued progress can be made to control this disease in India and elsewhere.

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Section: Future Outlook and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Future Outlook and Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Burden of Visceral Leishmaniasis in India: Challenges in Using Remote Sensing and GIS to Understand and Control

Bhunia

Kesari

Chatterjee

et al. 2013

ISRN Infectious Diseases

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“…3 A similar and more recent study put underreporting of VL at 4.74 and 3.51 times in males and females, respectively, in Lalganj and Goraul villages in Bihar, India. 4 Thus, it is generally believed that the current estimates of disease burden may not reflect the true impact of the diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social and Economic Burden of Human Leishmaniasis

Okwor¹,

Uzonna²

2016

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

258

163

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Abstract. Leishmaniasis continues to pose a major public health problem worldwide. With new epidemics occurring in endemic areas and the spread of the disease to previously free areas because of migration, tourism, and military activities, there is a great need for the development of an effective vaccine. Leishmaniasis is a disease of the poor, occurring mostly in remote rural villages with poor housing and little or no access to modern health-care facilities. In endemic areas, diagnosis of any form of leishmaniasis puts a huge financial strain on an already meagre financial resource at both the individual and community levels. Most often families need to sell their assets (land and livestock) or take loans from informal financial outfits with heavy interest rates to pay for the diagnosis and treatment of leishmaniasis. Here, we discuss the disease with special emphasis on its socioeconomic impact on the affected individual and community. In addition, we highlight the reasons why continued research aimed at developing an effective Leishmania vaccine is necessary.

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“…The majority of Indian VL cases occur in the northeastern states, predominantly in Bihar (3,4). The numbers of VL cases reported in India are based on passive case reporting, and therefore may be an underestimation (2,5); however, regardless, advances in VL diagnostic tests and improved treatment modalities have ensured that the number of deaths due to VL in India has gradually decreased over the past 5 y (6).…”

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confidence: 99%

DDT-based indoor residual spraying suboptimal for visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India

Coleman

Foster

Deb

et al. 2015

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Indoor residual spraying (IRS) is used to control visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in India, but it is poorly quality assured. Quality assurance was performed in eight VL endemic districts in Bihar State, India, in 2014. Residual dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) was sampled from walls using Bostik tape discs, and DDT concentrations [grams of active ingredient per square meter (g ai/m 2 )] were determined using HPLC. Pre-IRS surveys were performed in three districts, and post-IRS surveys were performed in eight districts. A 20% threshold above and below the target spray of 1.0 g ai/m 2 was defined as "in range." The entomological assessments were made in four districts in IRS and non-IRS villages. Vector densities were measured: pre-IRS and 1 and 3 mo post-IRS. Insecticide susceptibility to 4% DDT and 0.05% deltamethrin WHO-impregnated papers was determined with wild-caught sand flies. The majority (329 of 360, 91.3%) of pre-IRS samples had residual DDT concentrations of <0.1 g ai/m 2 . The mean residual concentration of DDT post-IRS was 0.37 g ai/m 2 ; 84.9% of walls were undersprayed, 7.4% were sprayed in range, and 7.6% were oversprayed. The abundance of sand flies in IRS and non-IRS villages was significantly different at 1 mo post-IRS only. Sand flies were highly resistant to DDT but susceptible to deltamethrin. The Stockholm Convention, ratified by India in 2006, calls for the complete phasing out of DDT as soon as practical, with limited use in the interim where no viable IRS alternatives exist. Given the poor quality of the DDT-based IRS, ready availability of pyrethroids, and susceptibility profile of Indian sand flies, the continued use of DDT in this IRS program is questionable.leishmaniasis | elimination |

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Estimation of Under-Reporting of Visceral Leishmaniasis Cases in Bihar, India

Cited by 68 publications

References 6 publications

The Burden of Visceral Leishmaniasis in India: Challenges in Using Remote Sensing and GIS to Understand and Control

The Burden of Visceral Leishmaniasis in India: Challenges in Using Remote Sensing and GIS to Understand and Control

Social and Economic Burden of Human Leishmaniasis

DDT-based indoor residual spraying suboptimal for visceral leishmaniasis elimination in India

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