Estimation of Viscosity and Yield Stress of Cement Grouts at True Ground Temperatures Based on the Flow Spread Test

Xu, Zhipeng; Miao, Yichen; Wu, Huan; Yuan, Xun; Liu, Changwu

doi:10.3390/ma13132939

Cited by 11 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 39 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…However, the plastic viscosity increases to 153.8 cP at 2% vermiculite. A lower plastic viscosity of the cement slurry is recommended because its resistance to flow and pumping requirements are lower …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A lower plastic viscosity of the cement slurry is recommended because its resistance to flow and pumping requirements are lower. 25 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A lower plastic viscosity of the cement slurry is recommended because its resistance to flow and pumping requirements are lower. 25 The yield point and gel strength evaluations are shown in Figure 5. The gel strength is an important parameter under static conditions as it characterizes the interparticle attraction under non-flow conditions, while the yield stress defines the attractive forces between the particles under flow conditions.…”

Section: Rheology Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of the Impact of Vermiculite on Hematite-Based Cement Systems

2023

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Heavyweight oil-well cement systems are designed for isolating intervals and supporting the casing at deeper depths where high temperatures and pressures are encountered. The cement slurry should have adequate rheology to ensure efficient placement. Additionally, the hardened cement sheath should be homogeneous with lower porosity and permeability, higher strength, and sufficient flexibility. The effect of vermiculite on hematite-based cement samples has been investigated. The methodology and testing were based on the American Petroleum Institute standards and other recognized recommendations. Fluid properties were characterized by their rheology, while petrophysical and mechanical properties were used to analyze the properties of hardened cement specimens. The vermiculite was used in concentrations of 0.25, 0.5, 1, and 2% by weight of cement (BWOC). The slurries were cured at 3000 psi and 292 °F in cubic and cylindrical molds for 24 h. The results indicate that using 1% BWOC of vermiculite yields the best cement properties. It minimizes the settling of hematite particles to a very low value compared to the base cement as shown by the method of density variation and confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance. Compared to the base cement slurry, the slurry of 1% BWOC of vermiculite has desirable rheology in terms of plastic viscosity and gel strength. The incorporation of 1% BWOC improves the strength of the cement sheath by 50.7% for the compressive strength and 65% for the tensile strength. Adding 1% vermiculite reduces the permeability and porosity of the cement by 45.8 and 43.5% compared to the control cement. In addition, the 0.7% vermiculite cement is more flexible than the control cement in terms of the elastic properties represented by lower Young’s modulus (a reduction of 33%) and higher Poisson’s ratio (an increase of 2%).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A lower plastic viscosity of the cement slurry is recommended because its resistance to flow and pumping requirements are lower. 25 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rheology Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of the Impact of Vermiculite on Hematite-Based Cement Systems

2023

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“…Thus, the dead weight and yield stress in the grout characteristics are primarily the components that significantly impact the process and degree of grouting diffusion decay. Numerous researchers have examined how time-varying viscosity affects the grouting process (Liang et al, 2022;Ma et al, 2023); additionally, time-varying grout yield stress has been observed (Xu et al, 2020;Nan et al, 2021); however, it is essential to note that the slurry is always in a flow state during the grouting process.…”

Section: The Concept Of Grouting Diffusion Decaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Research on the grouting plugging mechanism of layered jointed rock mass based on the time-varying yield stress of grout

Zhe,

Hou,

Wang

et al. 2024

Preprint

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The key to successfully treating water disasters with grouting is the diffusion range and the grout's ultimate efficient retention in the cracks; the gel qualities of the grout are crucial in this process of diffusion plugging. In earlier research, the time-varying viscosity of grout was given more attention than the yield stress, which is also subject to variation that grout must pass through to migrate. Groundwater migrates and stores through the interlayer opening fissure and vertical connecting fissure in the stratified jointed physical and chemical rock mass. The impact of plugging is only sometimes complete when the grouting is halted after filling the water-conducting crack. The grout will sink and cause grouting plugging faults and failure to meet water control criteria when its dead weight exceeds the yield stress in the vertical fissure. Studying how time-varying yield stress affects the grouting sealing mechanism during grouting is therefore crucial. This work introduces the notion of grouting diffusion decay and establishes a theoretical model based on the time-varying yield stress of grout. The steady pressure time during grouting is the key to ensuring the dispersion and ultimate retention of grout in the space range. The lowest stable pressure time for grouting and the change function for the height of decay are determined. A 3D visualization laboratory test instrument for grouting diffusion decay of layered jointed physical and chemical rock mass is constructed to confirm that the theoretical model is accurate. According to the research findings, the grouting duration can be reasonably planned, and efficiency can be increased while guaranteeing the grouting's sealing effect. This is crucial to developing the theoretical framework of grouting technology.

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“…The development of deep engineering such as ultradeep drilling, deep laboratory, nuclear waste disposal, and deep resource mining had made temperature of rock increase from 30 °C at a depth of 800 m to 50 °C at a depth of 1500 m approximately [13][14][15][16][17]. In particular, the temperature of the rock had even exceeded 100 °C in some high-temperature tunnels such as Sichuan-Tibet Railway and EGS-E tunnel [18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Study on Seepage of Chemical Grout Flow in Rock Fracture under Temperature Field

Zhang

Lin

et al. 2022

Geofluids

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Grouting technology is widely used to improve the mechanical properties and reduce the permeability of the rock in underground engineering. Fluidity is important to promote the grout to be injected into longer fractures, so chemical grouts with low viscosity and adjustable gel time are usually chosen to increase this property. However, the high temperature in some deep engineering leads to a faster hydration rate of the chemical grout than that in the room temperature environment, resulting in the decrease of fluidity. The heat exchange between the grout and the environment is usually ignored in the existing researches, so the aim of the numerical study is therefore to analyse the seepage process of chemical grout in the temperature field, where heat exchange between the grout and environment is considered. A sandstone model with a fracture is established in COMSOL, which is validated using laboratory experiments to confirm the accuracy of the results. The grouting time rises exponentially with the increasing of the flow distance in a single fracture, and a higher environmental temperature leads to a larger grouting time because the gap in the viscosity of the grout at different temperatures enlarges with the increasing hydration time. The effect of the temperature field on the grouting time becomes more significant when the temperature is higher and the hydration time is longer because the viscosity of the grout rises more slowly. The grouting time reduces dramatically when injection pressure is raised because an increasing pressure results in a larger aperture and less hydration time, which is one of the best ways to improve the efficiency of the grouting. The findings of this study can help for better understanding of the seepage process of chemical grout in fractures under high temperature and provide guidance for the selection of chemical grout in grouting engineering.

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Estimation of Viscosity and Yield Stress of Cement Grouts at True Ground Temperatures Based on the Flow Spread Test

Cited by 11 publications

References 39 publications

Analysis of the Impact of Vermiculite on Hematite-Based Cement Systems

Analysis of the Impact of Vermiculite on Hematite-Based Cement Systems

Research on the grouting plugging mechanism of layered jointed rock mass based on the time-varying yield stress of grout

Numerical Study on Seepage of Chemical Grout Flow in Rock Fracture under Temperature Field

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