“…In conclusion, the curricula of all three Scandinavian countries, especially the Norwegian, offer few, if any, explicit opportunities for children to acquire any form of estimational competence. Moreover, both Danish and Swedish expectations resonate with Smart's (1982) historical view of estimation as a utilitarian tool to support calculation and measurement. That is, both reflect a mathematical history rather than a mathematical future and, in so doing, fail to acknowledge the two forms of estimation with the greatest developmental implications, number line estimation and quantity estimation, with, we posit, profound implications for the later learning of other areas of mathematics (Wong et al, 2016).…”