Estonian Perceptions of Security: Not Only About Russia and the Refugees

Veebel, Viljar; Ploom, Illimar

doi:10.1515/jobs-2016-0046

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Notable contributions from this perspective include Brooks 2006 on the United States and Croci and Lucarelli's 2010 study on Italy. Regarding public perceptions of individual states, here ought to be mentioned studies by Glaser (1993) on China, Veebel and Ploom (2016) on Estonia, and Ergüvenc (2002) on Turkey. Nevertheless, the perceptions of individual small states in general, and small European states in particular, remain under-researched.…”

Section: Analytical Framework: Perceptions Images Rolesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In studies on perceptions, the data -"systematically collected elements of information about the world", as King et al define it (1994, p. 23)is most commonly collected through (a) conducting discourse analysis on media; (b) retrieving public opinion via surveys (see Veebel and Ploom 2016); or (c) conducting interviews with people representing the elite population in a state (Chaban et al 2013, Lucarelli 2014, Elgström and Chaban 2015. In addition, while role theory literature often uses the latter option, it also alternatively analyses officials' public speeches (Holsti 1970).…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Others take the small size of the country to imply vulnerabilities regarding external dependence and limitations to capacity, claiming that although Estonia dedicates more than 2% of its GDP to defence, it still represents an insufficient defence and security budget. In consequence, the small size of the country could lead to an insufficient defence undertaking incompatible with high-tech opposition and expensive weaponry (Official SE, DK; Expert LV, LT, PL, DE2; see also Veebel and Ploom 2016). However, for Official LV, devoting more than 2% is still a clear sign of a good economic capacity to provide security.…”

Section: External Perceptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Internal and external perceptions of small state security: the case of Estonia

Wrange

Bengtsson

2019

European Security

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This article concerns small state security from a cognitive perspective and investigates Estonia as a security actor as perceived by all littoral Baltic Sea states. Drawing on unique elite survey and interview data, the article unpacks similarities and differences among internal (Estonian) and external perceptions of security, threats, and capabilities. The investigation is theoretically informed by research on perceptions, specifically image theory and role theory. Our analysis indicates that there are generally speaking quite similar perceptions among internal and external respondents regarding Estonia's security situation, threat context, and the importance of EU and NATO membership. When it comes to capabilities in the security field, Estonian respondents have a somewhat more positive view than external respondents. Notably, Russian perceptions stand in stark contrast to those of others regarding most dimensions. Relating our results to previous research on national role conceptions, the perceptions we have explicated correspond to three distinct role conceptionsprotectee/faithful ally, subsystem collaborator and regional leader.

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Section: Analytical Framework: Perceptions Images Rolesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: External Perceptionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Internal and external perceptions of small state security: the case of Estonia

Wrange

Bengtsson

2019

European Security

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“…Current study is very important also for Central and Eastern European Countries and their security as from one side hybrid threats from Russian side are seen central for national security (Veebel and Ploom 2016) and from the other side social tensions caused by refugee crises and related fears are among the main factors of political instability and social fragmentation (Veebel and Markus 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is the European Migration Crisis Caused by Russian Hybrid Warfare?

Veebel¹

2020

JPL

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Recent developments in European security situation, starting with the Russia-Ukraine conflict, followed by the complicated Brexit and political instability in the Middle East and North Africa, have given rise to instability in the European Union. Yet, none of the other factors could be compared with the risks caused by the massive influx of refugees into the EU that challenges both solidarity and responsibility of the member states. In this context, it is extremely important to understand the actual security threats related to the refugee crisis and the root causes of growing refugee flows. This article discusses the roots of large-scale migration flows in the European Union (EU) over the present decade and investigates the potential link between migration flows and modern hybrid warfare, referring to the coordination of various modes of warfare, such as military and non-military means, conventional and non-conventional capabilities, state and non-state actors with an aim to cause instability and disarrangement. It is intriguing to investigate whether the increase in migration flows could be linked to present confrontation in the global arena on the Russia-West axis. Common patterns of migration flows from Syria and Ukraine to the EU are discussed, as well as policy recommendations are given to diminish the negative impact of similar events in the future.

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Deterrence by Punishment or Denial? The eFP Case

Noll

Bojang

Rietjens

2020

Nl Arms

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In 2017 NATO initiated Enhanced Forward Presence (eFP) in the Baltics to deter Russia. While most studies analyse eFP from the perspective of NATO or the troop contributing countries, this chapter addresses the question how the host nations, i.e. in this contribution Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, perceive the deterrence strategy underlying eFP as well as their own strategies. In doing this, the chapter emphasizes how strategic culture influences the Baltic countries’ behaviour towards deterrence. We found that in Estonia perspectives on eFP were ambiguous. While official documents reflect the official NATO narrative based on deterrence by punishment other sources stress the illusion, expectation or aspiration of deterrence by denial. In Lithuania, documents, officials and experts emphasize deterrence by denial as opposed to deterrence by punishment. Latvia considers the strategy behind eFP as deterrence by punishment. The strategic cultures, the history and threat perceptions of the Baltic states explain these differences to a large extent. In particular the presence of Russophone minorities in Estonia and Latvia, lead to some reluctance in fully embracing NATO’s strategy, while at the same time both countries prepare to counter Russia’s threat with their allies.

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Estonian Perceptions of Security: Not Only About Russia and the Refugees

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

Internal and external perceptions of small state security: the case of Estonia

Internal and external perceptions of small state security: the case of Estonia

Is the European Migration Crisis Caused by Russian Hybrid Warfare?

Deterrence by Punishment or Denial? The eFP Case

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