“…Deep brain stimulation of the BNST has yielded sustained symptom relief in obsessions and compulsions in otherwise refractory OCD (Nuttin et al, 1999, 2013; Raymaekers et al, 2017; Winter et al, 2018). A collection of several sexually dimorphic interconnected nuclei, the BNST is part of the extended amygdala with extensive bi-directional connectivity with the CLSTC-loop and beyond (Prewitt and Herman, 1998; McDonald et al, 1999; Dong et al, 2001; Hasue and Shammah-Lagnado, 2002; Dong and Swanson, 2003, 2004b, 2006a,b,c; Rodaros et al, 2007; Li and Kirouac, 2008; Avery et al, 2014; Gregory et al, 2019). Functionally, the BNST filters and/or integrates multiple ascending modalities, mapping with adequate resolution, interoceptive information onto motivational systems for adaptive physiological and behavioral outcomes (Jennings et al, 2013; Kim et al, 2013; Lebow and Chen, 2016).…”