Estrategias para la enseñanza del autoexamen del seno a mujeres en edad reproductiva

Abstract

Malaquías López-Cervantes, Ph. D.( ResumenObjetivo. Disponer de una estrategia efectiva de enseñanza de conocimientos en cáncer de mama (CM) y en la técnica del autoexamen del seno (AES) para las mujeres mexicanas de entre 12 a 47 años de edad. Material y mé-todos. Entre abril de 1996 y julio de 1998, en la ciudad de Cuernavaca, Morelos, México, se diseñaron y evaluaron dos estrategias de enseñanza del AES y sus materiales didácti-cos con base en las propuestas de las mujeres participantes en el inicio de este estudio. Ambas estrategias consistieron en la presentación de un folleto y una cinta de video; en la primera, una enfermera en salud pública condujo la sesión; en la segunda, una sobreviviente de CM. Además, en la segunda estrategia se adicionaron unas diapositivas y unos modelos de senos de silicón. Ambas estrategias se compararon con una tercera que se extrajo de las normas de la Secretaría de Salud, consistente en la presentación de una hoja impresa y una cinta de video por parte de una enfermera. Participaron 149 mujeres, asignadas aleatoriamente a cada estrategia. La efectividad de éstas se evaluó por los cambios en los conocimientos en AES y CM, y en la destreza para identificar mayor número de abultamientos en un modelo de seno de silicón tamaño natural, medidos antes y después de la capacitación. Se realizaron para el análisis estadístico pruebas t de Student, análisis de varianza, χ 2 de McNemar, la de Pearson y regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados. Con las tres estrategias se elevaron aproximadamente 30% los conocimientos de las participantes sobre AbstractObjective. To develop an effective strategy to inform Mexican women between 12 and 47 years of age about breast cancer (BC) and train them to perform breast self-examination (BSE). Material and methods. Between April, 1996 and July, 1998, two different strategies to teach BSE were designed and evaluated in Cuernavaca, State of Morelos, Mexico. These strategies included teaching materials and were based on opinions of women participating in the first stage of this study. Both strategies consisted of the presentation of a leaflet and a video. The first strategy was delivered by a public health nurse in charge of leading the session. The second one was presented by a BC survivor. This second strategy included slides and silicon breast models. These two strategies were then compared to a third one, consisting of a primary care nurse handing out a leaflet and showing a video, based on Health Secretariat's guidelines. In total, 149 women were trained. They were randomly assigned to any one of these three strategies. The effectiveness of the teaching strategies was determined by assessing the changes in the women's knowledge of BC and BSE, as well as in their ability to identify the largest number of lumps on a natural size silicon breast, before and after training. CM, AES y su destreza para identificar abultamientos. Sólo una de cada 20 mujeres fue capaz de identificar más de tres abultamientos en el modelo al inicio de su capacitación, posterior...

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