“…The establishment of the evaluated SPS, which yields approximately 60% shade coverage, brings about notable benefits. These advantages contribute significantly to various aspects, including (i) animal welfare improvement: SPS mitigate heat stress and reduce the presence of hematophagous flies, enhancing the well-being of the cattle [ [154] , [155] , [156] , [157] , [158] ], (ii) environmental enhancement: The shade cover of SPS reduces water consumption by the animals and promotes biodiversity [ [159] , [160] , [161] ], and (iii) productivity and quality enhancement: SPS positively influence productivity and quality indicators [ 154 , 159 , 162 ]. This multi-faceted impact highlights SPS's potential to contribute to climate change mitigation by curbing CH 4 emissions [ [110] , [111] , [112] , [113] ].…”