Estrogen and estrogen receptors in the modulation of gastrointestinal epithelial secretion

Abstract

Gastrointestinal (GI) epithelial ion transport is physiologically important in many aspects of humans, such as in maintaining fluid balance of whole body, and also plays a role in the development and progression of common GI disease. Estrogen and estrogen receptors have been shown to modulate the activity of epithelial ion secretion in GI tract. This review aims to address the current state of knowledge about the role of estrogen and estrogen receptors in modulation of GI epithelial secretion and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. We highlight the recent findings regarding the importance of estrogen and estrogen receptors in GI epithelia protection and body fluid balance by modulation of gastrointestinal epithelial HCO3- and Cl- secretion, especially current information about the regulatory mechanisms of duodenal HCO3- secretion based on our study in this field. Since there are no reviews on this topic but only few papers to address the main issues, we hope to timely provide new perspectives for the association between estrogen and GI disease.

The trace aminergic system: a gender-sensitive therapeutic target for IBS?

“…Furthermore, E2 reduced currents mediated by the KCNQ1:KCNE3 potassium channel in an Ussing chamber model [4]. Similarly, more recent data shows that E2 links to intracellular calcium, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and Cl − /HCO 3 − secretion [239]. Seeing that E2 inhibits colonic chloride ion secretion (consequentially reducing water movement to the lumen), it makes sense that females with IBS generally present with reduced colonic transit/GI motility and constipation, symptoms which alter drastically during menses.…”

Subacute exposure to di-isononyl phthalate alters the morphology, endocrine function, and immune system in the colon of adult female mice

“…Depending on the ESR isoform, the interaction between estradiol and ESR1 or ESR2 can help with immune cell proliferation or differentiation; however, this depends on the target immune cell as well as its conditions 20 . Estradiol production primarily from the Peyer’s patches and mesenteric lymph nodes can help regulate leukocyte proliferation in the gut 18 , modulate ion secretion in the GIT, maintain fluid balance, and play a role in the incidence of various gastrointestinal diseases, including peptic and duodenal ulcers 21 . Overall, gastrointestinal production of estradiol has essential roles in gastrointestinal homeostasis and immune responses.…”

Histological and Biochemical Study on the Estrogen Role in Indomethacin-induced Gastric Ulcer of Menopausal Rats

“…Interestingly, the group treated with ranitidine and estradiole showed a significant up-regulation of the expression of both genes when compared to the treated rats with ranitidine only. Epidemiological studies reported also lower prevalence of peptic ulcer disease in women than men [11] , while pregnant women or women taking estrogen containing oral contraceptive pills exhibit a further reduced frequency of gastrodudenal ulcer [5] .…”

“…Estrogen is a steroid hormones synthesized principally in reproductive tissues as both ovary and placenta. Also, It created in non-reproductive extraovarian tissues inminor amount; as breast, liver, adrenal gland, fatty tissue and GIT [10,11] . It is generally supposed that estrogen has imperative role in bone, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and in the central nervous system.…”