Estrogen Excretion Patterns and Plasma Levels in Vegetarian and Omnivorous Women

Goldin, Barry R.; Adlercreutz, Herman; Gorbach, Sherwood L.; Warram, James H.; Dwyer, Johanna; Swenson, Linda; Woods, Margo N.

doi:10.1056/nejm198212163072502

Cited by 428 publications

(167 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Although this may not be due specifically to the fat content of the diet, these studies suggest that dietary patterns low in fat may favorably influence long-term exposure to high levels of endogenous estrogens. These results are congruent with earlier observations of lower plasma estradiol levels and increased fecal excretion of estrogens in vegetarians than non-vegetarians [49]. Diets high in fat may enhance reabsorption of estrogens in the gut [50].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Dietary lipids and endometrial cancer: the current epidemiologic evidence

Bandera

Kushi

Moore

et al. 2007

Cancer Causes Control

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Dietary lipids and endometrial cancer: the current epidemiologic evidence

Bandera

Kushi

Moore

et al. 2007

Cancer Causes Control

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“…All involve comparisons of populations with substantially different diets, and populations with lower breast cancer risk also in general have a lower intake of dietary fat and lower plasma oestrogen levels. Further, significantly higher levels of sex hormone-binding globulin, lower plasma levels of oestradiol and lower urinary oestrogen excretion have been found in vegetarians than in non-vegetarians (Armstrong et al, 1981;Goldin et al, 1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of a low-fat high-carbohydrate diet on plasma sex hormones in premenopausal women: results from a randomized controlled trial

Boyd

Lockwood²,

Greenberg³

et al. 1997

Br J Cancer

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Summary We are conducting a long-term randomized controlled trial to determine if intervention with a low-fat high-carbohydrate diet reduces breast cancer risk. The present study examines the effects of 2 years of dietary intervention on serum sex hormone levels in premenopausal women. Subjects with extensive mammographic densities were enrolled in a dietary intervention trial. The intervention involved intensive individual counselling aimed at reducing total dietary fat to 15% of calories. Control subjects received general advice about diet but were not counselled to change their fat intake. Serum sex hormone levels were measured in 220 premenopausal subjects at entry and 2 years after randomization. Two years after randomization oestradiol levels were 20% (70 pmol 1-1) lower (P = 0.04) and progesterone levels were 35% (1.0 nmol 1-1) lower (P = 0.004) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels were 7% (1 IU) higher (P = 0.38) in the intervention group than in the control group. The FSH-oestradiol ratio was 13% higher in the intervention group (P= 0.18). Samples analysed accounting for the timing of the blood sample in relation to the menstrual cycle showed that, in the intervention group, oestradiol and progesterone levels were lower and FSH levels higher in subjects with blood samples taken more than 30 days after the last menstrual period.Because of the strong evidence linking ovarian hormonal activity to breast cancer risk, these results suggest that a low-fat high-carbohydrate diet may reduce risk of breast cancer by reducing exposure to ovarian hormones that are a stimulus to cell division in the breast.

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“…Dietary patterns in adulthood may also be associated with risk of breast cancer development possibly through an effect on hormone levels. For example, vegetarian women who have higher levels of fiber and lower fat intakes have lower blood levels and reduced urinary excretion of estrogens (Goldin et al, 1982).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the Mediterranean dietary pattern or the Healthy Diet Index influence the risk of breast cancer in a large British cohort of women?

et al. 2011

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Background/Objective: To assess the risk of developing breast cancer associated with consumption of two common dietary patterns: a Mediterranean dietary pattern and a dietary pattern, which conforms to the World Health Organization Healthy Diet Index (WHO HDI). Subjects/Methods: Dietary data from a 217-item food frequency questionnaire were used to generate two dietary patterns according to pre-defined criteria in women from the UK Women's Cohort Study. Survival analysis using Cox regression was used to estimate hazards ratios for risk of breast cancer adjusted for known confounders.Results: This analysis included 828 incident cases of breast cancer in 33 731 women with a mean follow-up of 9 years. There were no statistically significant associations between either the Mediterranean dietary pattern or the WHO HDI and risk of breast cancer. In premenopausal women, there was a nonsignificant trend suggesting that increasing compliance with the Mediterranean diet was associated with lower risk of breast cancer. Maximal adherence to the Mediterranean diet was associated with hazards ratio ¼ 0.65 (95% confidence interval: 0.42-1.02, P trend ¼ 0.09) compared with minimal adherence. In postmenopausal women, no clear trends were observed. Conclusions: In this study, no strong association between the risk of breast cancer and the consumption of either a Mediterranean-type diet or one characterized by adherence to the WHO HDI was observed. In premenopausal, but not postmenopausal women, there was a nonsignificant inverse association with increasing adherence to the Mediterranean diet pattern.

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Estrogen Excretion Patterns and Plasma Levels in Vegetarian and Omnivorous Women

Cited by 428 publications

References 23 publications

Dietary lipids and endometrial cancer: the current epidemiologic evidence

Dietary lipids and endometrial cancer: the current epidemiologic evidence

Effects of a low-fat high-carbohydrate diet on plasma sex hormones in premenopausal women: results from a randomized controlled trial

Does the Mediterranean dietary pattern or the Healthy Diet Index influence the risk of breast cancer in a large British cohort of women?

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