“…There are a number of possible molecular mechanisms via which estrogen might diminish OFQ-induced antinociception, including decreasing the expression of the ORL 1 receptor (Flores et al, 2003) and/or its coupling to G-proteins (for review, see Kelly and Wagner, 1999;Malyala et al, 2005), which would secondarily modify the affinity of OFQ to the ORL 1 receptor. Estrogen receptors (ER␣/ER) are present in spinal dorsal horn neurons (Amandusson et al, 1996(Amandusson et al, , 1999Shughrue et al, 1997), and estrogen, in addition to altering the expression of opioid peptides (Medina et al, 1993;Micevych et al, 1997;Amandusson et al, 1999;Micevych and Sinchak, 2001) (for review, see Craft et al, 2004), has also been shown by us and others to alter the expression of the ORL 1 receptor gene and protein in the trigeminal region and the hypothalamus (Sinchak et al, 1997;Flores et al, 2003;Sinchak et al, 2006).…”