Estrogen receptor ligands counteract cognitive deficits caused by androgen deprivation in male rats

Comparing the effects of 17β-oestradiol and the selective oestrogen receptor modulators, raloxifene and tamoxifen, on prepulse inhibition in female rats

“…A limited number of preclinical studies have investigated the effects of SERMs on cognitive function and mood. For example, treatment with tamoxifen or raloxifene improved spatial working memory performance (Karahancer et al, 2008;Lagunas et al, 2011;Velazquez-Zamora et al, 2012), and raloxifene-treated OVX rats had reduced depressivelike (Karahancer et al, 2008) and anxiety-like behaviour (Walf and Frye, 2010). While clinical research investigating the therapeutic benefit of SERMs, particularly raloxifene, in schizophrenia has been and is continuing to be conducted (Wong et al, 2003;Kulkarni et al, 2010;Usall et al, 2011;Huerta-Ramos et al, 2014;Kianimehr et al, 2014), preclinical research is comparatively lacking and therefore the mechanism of action of these compounds remains unclear.…”

The effects of tamoxifen on learning, memory and brain tissues oxidative damage in ovariectomized and naïve female rats

“…[48] Raloxifene and TAM at a dose of 1 mg/kg, but not at doses of 0.5 or 2 mg/kg, also improved acquisition of orchidectomized animals. [49] Any significant effect in learning and memory was also described in the MWM under acute TAM treatment of the mice. [48]…”

Prolonged androgen deprivation may influence the autoregulation of estrogen receptors in the brain and pelvic floor muscles of male rats

“…Treating male rats with ER␤ agonists at 2 weeks post castration has been shown to improve performance in HC-dependent tasks [41]. Whether the same treatment produces similar behavioral results in male rats that have been Long-Term castrated is an open question.…”