Estrogen Replacement Therapy in Older Women

Henderson, Victor W.; Paganini‐Hill, Annlia; Emanuel, Christina K.; Dunn, Meleana; Buckwalter, J. Galen

doi:10.1001/archneur.1994.00540210068014

Cited by 555 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…It is only now that reanalysis of the WHI data indicates that early postmenopausal treatment with these compounds provides benefits [66,67], as was reported previously in observational trials [43,44,45,46,47,48,49] and a great deal of animal model data as indicated above. Similarly, animal studies have been completed [10] or are ongoing to assess the ‘window-of-opportunity hypothesis’, which states that there is a limited period after menopause during which ET or hormone therapy is effective.…”

Section: Clinical Studies Of Estrogens In Neurodegenerative Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Neuroprotection and Estrogen Receptors

Simpkins¹,

Singh²,

Brock³

et al. 2012

Neuroendocrinology

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This review is intended to assess the state of current knowledge on the role of estrogen receptors (ERs) in the neuroprotective effects of estrogens in models for acute neuronal injury and death. We evaluate the overall evidence that estrogens are neuroprotective in acute injury and critically assess the role of ERα, ERβ, GPR 30, and nonreceptor-mediated mechanisms in these robust neuroprotective effects of this ovarian steroid hormone. We conclude that all three receptors, as well as nonreceptor-mediated mechanisms can be involved in neuroprotection, depending on the model used, the level of estrogen administrated, and the mode of administration of the steroid. Also, the signaling pathways used by both ER-dependent and ER-independent mechanisms to exert neuroprotection are considered. Finally, further studies that are needed to parse out the relative contribution of receptor versus nonreceptor-mediated signaling are discussed.

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Section: Clinical Studies Of Estrogens In Neurodegenerative Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Epidemiological evidence suggests that postmenopausal estrogen therapy (ET) reduces the risk or delays the onset of AD [43,44]. Estrogen loss from natural or surgical menopause is associated with a decline in cognitive function that is reversed by ET [45,46,47].…”

Section: Clinical Studies Of Estrogens In Neurodegenerative Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroprotection and Estrogen Receptors

Simpkins¹,

Singh²,

Brock³

et al. 2012

Neuroendocrinology

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“…Interestingly, epidemiological studies have revealed that postmenopausal women on estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) show a lower risk to suffer from AD [42]. In addition, women developing the disease under ERT have milder symptoms than those without treatment [43]. Finally, they respond better to tacrine, a cholinesterase inhibitor inducing cognitive improvements [44].…”

Section: Alzheimer’s Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

Neuroendocrinology of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Aguilar

Frydman²,

Dupuis³

et al. 2003

Neuroendocrinology

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The nervous system plays a key role in the regulation of neuroendocrine axes and, in turn, the released neurohormones modulate the activity of different brain regions. Neurodegenerative diseases, which are known to affect specific neuronal populations, may provoke neuroendocrine dysfunctions that alter the intimate relationship between both systems. In addition, these modifications may influence the progression of the neurodegenerative process. In the present review, we summarise some of the endocrine changes characterising three major neurodegenerative diseases: Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Special attention is focused on the contribution of disease transgenic models to elucidate such alterations.

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“…83,84 In epidemiological studies there have been several case control studies which have reported a lowered use of postmenopausal estrogens in AD than control subjects. 85,86 Paganini-Hill et al 87 reported an odds ratio of 0.69 of developing AD in women using estrogens in a prospective longitudinal cohort study. The risk reduction was associated with both increased dose and duration of estrogen use.…”

Section: Alzheimer's Disease Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis, Classification and Natural History of Degenerative Dementias

Feldman

2001

Can. J. Neurol. Sci.

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The release of the first approved medications for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease in Canada has highlighted the renewed need and importance of diagnostic accuracy and understanding of the spectrum of the dementias. The epidemiological scope of the problem of dementia in Canada including risk factors, caregiving patterns and costs of care have been well-characterized through the Canadian Study of Health and Aging (CSHA 1991-1996) with some of the key findings reviewed here. Beyond Alzheimer’s disease the phenotypes and genotypes of the other degenerative dementias have been emerging with proposed operational diagnostic criteria that should facilitate their recognition in clinical practice. This paper reviews the clinical phenotypes of the most common causes of dementia with a proposed classification scheme and with discussion of their relevance from a differential treatment standpoint. This paper served as a background document for the working group of the Consensus Conference on Dementia (C3D) in February 1998 and has been revised subsequently for this publication.

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Estrogen Replacement Therapy in Older Women

Cited by 555 publications

References 38 publications

Neuroprotection and Estrogen Receptors

Neuroprotection and Estrogen Receptors

Neuroendocrinology of Neurodegenerative Diseases

Diagnosis, Classification and Natural History of Degenerative Dementias

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