Estrogen to Progesterone Ratio and Fluid Regulatory Responses to Varying Degrees and Methods of Dehydration

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between volume regulatory biomarkers and the estrogen to progesterone ratio (E:P) prior to and following varying methods and degrees of dehydration. Ten women (20 ± 1 year, 56.98 ± 7.25 kg, 164 ± 6 cm, 39.59 ± 2.96 mL•kg•min−1) completed four intermittent exercise trials (1.5 h, 33.8 ± 1.3°C, 49.5 ± 4.3% relative humidity). Testing took place in two hydration conditions, dehydrated via 24-h fluid restriction (Dehy, USG > 1.020) and euhydrated (Euhy, USG ≤ 1.020), and in two phases of the menstrual cycle, the late follicular phase (days 10–13) and midluteal phase (days 18–22). Change in body mass (%BMΔ), serum copeptin concentration, and plasma osmolality (Posm) were assessed before and after both dehydration stimuli (24-h fluid restriction and exercise heat stress). Serum estrogen and progesterone were analyzed pre-exercise only. Estrogen concentration did not differ between phases or hydration conditions. Progesterone was significantly elevated in luteal compared to follicular in both hydration conditions (Dehy—follicular: 1.156 ± 0.31, luteal: 5.190 ± 1.56 ng•mL−1, P < 0.05; Euhy—follicular: 0.915 ± 0.18, luteal: 4.498 ± 1.38 ng·mL−1, P < 0.05). As expected, E:P was significantly greater in the follicular phase compared to luteal in both hydration conditions (Dehy—F:138.94 ± 89.59, L: 64.22 ± 84.55, P < 0.01; Euhy—F:158.13 ± 70.15, L: 50.98 ± 39.69, P < 0.01, [all •103]). Copeptin concentration was increased following 24-h fluid restriction and exercise heat stress (mean change: 18 ± 9.4, P < 0.01). We observed a possible relationship of lower E:P and higher copeptin concentration following 24-h fluid restriction (r = −0.35, P = 0.054). While these results did not reach the level of statistical significance, these data suggest that the differing E:P ratio may alter fluid volume regulation during low levels of dehydration but have no apparent impact after dehydrating exercise in the heat.

Response to a Water Bolus in Long Term Oral Contraceptive Users

“…However, if continually excluded as research participants solely for being on OCPs, scientific literature fails to serve a large population. Previous research suggests that it is unlikely that female sex hormones and fluctuating concentrations negatively affect fluid balance during exercise (Giersch et al, 2021 ). Considering the ameliorated physiological stressors (euhydrated, resting conditions) in the present study it is not surprising that OCP phase does not affect physiological responses to a water bolus.…”

“…Female sex hormones, predominantly estrogen and progesterone, impact fluid balance by interacting with hormones responsible for fluid regulation (Stachenfeld et al, 1999 ; Calzone et al, 2001 ; Stachenfeld and Taylor, 2005 ; Stachenfeld, 2008 ; Giersch et al, 2020 ). Circulating arginine vasopressin (AVP) is positively correlated with estrogen concentrations (Stachenfeld et al, 1999 ; Stachenfeld and Keefe, 2002 ; Giersch et al, 2021 ). Further, high estrogen concentrations decrease the osmotic threshold needed for AVP release (Stachenfeld et al, 1999 ; Stachenfeld and Keefe, 2002 ; Giersch et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Circulating arginine vasopressin (AVP) is positively correlated with estrogen concentrations (Stachenfeld et al, 1999 ; Stachenfeld and Keefe, 2002 ; Giersch et al, 2021 ). Further, high estrogen concentrations decrease the osmotic threshold needed for AVP release (Stachenfeld et al, 1999 ; Stachenfeld and Keefe, 2002 ; Giersch et al, 2021 ). Concomitantly, progesterone may affect fluid balance via aldosterone pathways due to mineralocorticoid receptor competition, although progesterone's role in fluid balance is not fully understood (Myles and Funder, 1996 ; Giersch et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Further, high estrogen concentrations decrease the osmotic threshold needed for AVP release (Stachenfeld et al, 1999 ; Stachenfeld and Keefe, 2002 ; Giersch et al, 2021 ). Concomitantly, progesterone may affect fluid balance via aldosterone pathways due to mineralocorticoid receptor competition, although progesterone's role in fluid balance is not fully understood (Myles and Funder, 1996 ; Giersch et al, 2021 ). These interactions complicate expert recommendations for individualized fluid intake recommendations without specific knowledge of the extent of fluid balance differences.…”