“…Because contaminated sediments are complex matrices under the everexpanding number of stressors (chemical, physical and biological) and stressor interactions arising from anthropogenic activities and global change (Burton and Johnston, 2010;de Vries et al, 2010;Tlili et al, 2010;Annala et al, 2014), there is growing agreement among marine investigators that biochemical and physiological level responses to contaminants are not sufficient to assess the health of marine ecosystems (Borja et al, 2015). As a global problem, sediment contamination and its harmful effects may be cross multiple ecological scales, from the individual, community, to ecosystem levels (Dang et al, 2013;Botter-Carvalho et al, 2014). Therefore, assessing the ecological consequence of contaminated sediments has been increasingly highlighted but is also exceptionally challenging.…”