Estudio isotópico del consumo de recursos marítimos y terrestres en la prehistoria del desierto de Atacama

King, Charlotte L.; Arriaza, Bernardo; Standen, Vivien G.; Millard, Andrew R.; Gröcke, Darren R.; Muñoz, Iván; Halcrow, Siân E.

doi:10.4067/s0717-73562018005000802

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…demonstrate that these millennia-old fishing, hunting, and gathering populations were born, and lived their daily lives. These result are consistent with δ 13 C and δ 15 N isotope values from other studies [70][71][72][73][74] that show principally a marine-based diet for coastal populations in the extreme north of Chile.…”

Section: Plos Onesupporting

confidence: 92%

Violence in fishing, hunting, and gathering societies of the Atacama Desert coast: A long-term perspective (10,000 BP—AD 1450)

Standen,

Santoro,

Valenzuela

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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In this study, we examine the long-term trajectory of violence in societies that inhabited the coast of the Atacama Desert in northern Chile using three lines of evidence: bioarchaeology, geoarchaeology and socio-cultural contexts (rock art, weapons, and settlement patterns). These millennia-old populations adopted a way of life, which they maintained for 10,000 years, based on fishing, hunting, and maritime gathering, complementing this with terrestrial resources. We analyzed 288 adult individuals to search for traumas resulting from interpersonal violence and used strontium isotopes 87Sr/86Sr as a proxy to evaluate whether individuals that showed traces of violence were members of local or non-local groups. Moreover, we evaluated settlement patterns, rock art, and weapons. The results show that the violence was invariant during the 10,000 years in which these groups lived without contact with the western world. During the Formative Period (1000 BC-AD 500), however, the type of violence changed, with a substantial increase in lethality. Finally, during the Late Intermediate Period (AD 1000–1450), violence and lethality remained similar to that of the Formative Period. The chemical signal of Sr shows a low frequency of individuals who were coastal outsiders, suggesting that violence occurred between local groups. Moreover, the presence of weapons and rock art depicting scenes of combat supports the notion that these groups engaged in violence. By contrast, the settlement pattern shows no defensive features. We consider that the absence of centralized political systems could have been a causal factor in explaining violence, together with the fact that these populations were organized in small-scale grouping. Another factor may have been competition for the same resources in the extreme environments of the Atacama Desert. Finally, from the Formative Period onward, we cannot rule out a certain level of conflict between fishers and their close neighbors, the horticulturalists.

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Section: Plos Onesupporting

confidence: 92%

Violence in fishing, hunting, and gathering societies of the Atacama Desert coast: A long-term perspective (10,000 BP—AD 1450)

Standen,

Santoro,

Valenzuela

et al. 2023

PLoS ONE

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“…Experimental research has demonstrated that fertilization using bird guano and camelid dung can significantly increase nitrogen isotopic values in plant tissues (Szpak et al, 2012). Fertilizing crops with marine bird guano is a well-documented practice in many Andean coastal valleys during late Pre-Columbian and Colonial times (Hidalgo et al, 2019) and significantly high δ 15 N values have been reported in human, camelids, maize, macaws, and other animal and plant remains in sites such as Azapa 8, Camarones 8, Pica 8, and many more spread out throughout the Atacama Desert (King et al, 2018;Alfonso-Durruty et al, 2019;Capriles et al, 2021;Santana-Sagredo et al, 2021). Therefore, our isotopic results seem to verify the hypothesis that food crops were not only cultivated locally but also fertilized using bird guano (Szpak, 2014;Santana-Sagredo et al, 2021).…”

Section: Niche Construction and The Domestication Of The Desertmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pre-Columbian cultivation of vegetatively propagated and fruit tree tropical crops in the Atacama Desert

Capriles

García²,

Valenzuela³

et al. 2022

Front. Ecol. Evol.

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South America is a megadiverse continent that witnessed the domestication, translocation and cultivation of various plant species from seemingly contrasting ecosystems. It was the recipient and supplier of crops brought to and from Mesoamerica (such as maize and cacao, respectively), and Polynesia to where the key staple crop sweet potato was exported. Not every instance of the trans-ecological expansion of cultivated plants (both domesticated and wild), however, resulted in successful farming. Here, we review the transregional circulation and introduction of five food tropical crops originated in the tropical and humid valleys of the eastern Andes—achira, cassava, ahipa, sweet potato, and pacay—to the hyper-arid coastal valleys of the Atacama Desert of northern Chile, where they have been found in early archeological sites. By means of an evaluation of the contexts of their deposition and supported by direct radiocarbon dating, stable isotopes analyses, and starch grain analysis, we evaluate different hypotheses for explaining their introduction and adaptation to the hyper-arid soils of northern Chile, by societal groups that after the introduction of cultigens still retained a strong dependence on marine hunting, gathering and fishing ways of life based on wide variety of marine coast resources. Many of the studied plants were part of a broader package of introduced goods and technological devices and procedures, linked to food, therapeutic medicine, social and ritual purposes that transformed previous hunter-gatherer social, economic, and ideological institutions. Based on archeological data, we discuss some of the possible socio-ecological processes involved in the development of agricultural landscapes including the adoption of tropical crops originated several hundred kilometers away from the Atacama Desert during the Late Holocene.

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“…A fines de la década de los ochenta, estos fardos funerarios fueron abiertos y se realizaron autopsias a los cuerpos con el objetivo de analizar las enfermedades precolombinas, lo que se tradujo en publicaciones como el estudio de arsenicismo crónico (Figueroa et al 1988) y mal de Chagas (Aufderheide et al 2005). Los esqueletos de este sitio también han sido utilizados para otros estudios, como el de dieta (King et al 2018) cementerio de poblaciones foráneas (mitimaes). Señalan que al ser comunidades relocalizadas y no previamente expuestas al arsénico, la toxicidad del hidroarsenicismo habría afectado significativamente la salud y capacidad productiva de los individuos de CAM-9.…”

Section: Antecedentes Arqueológicosunclassified

Tributos, Piojos Y Dioses: Implicancias Culturales Y Prevalencia De La Pediculosis en Individuos Del Sitio Incaico De Camarones 9, Norte De Chile

Arriaza

Aravena

Núñez³

et al. 2022

Chungará (Arica)

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En este trabajo se estudia la prevalencia de pediculosis en el sitio incaico Camarones 9 del extremo norte de Chile, con el propósito de contrastar lo descrito en las crónicas y lo observado en el registro bioarqueológico. La pediculosis es una ectoparasitosis frecuente, pero las respuestas culturales y su control varían de acuerdo a las poblaciones afectadas. Para profundizar en este tema se estudiaron 25 individuos que conservaron abundante cabellera, donde se cuantificó la presencia, ausencia y densidad de pediculosis en un área de 2 x 2 cm de cabello. De esta muestra, el 88% (22/25) fue positiva para pediculosis, con una densidad promedio de 4,4 liendres. Cabe señalar que uno de los individuos analizados tuvo una densidad de 30 liendres en un área de 2 x 2 cm, presentando la mayor cantidad de liendres del total de individuos estudiados. A la luz de esta evidencia, se discuten las prácticas culturales asociadas a la pediculosis, y si la considerable cantidad de especímenes observados habría sido utilizada como tributo durante el periodo Inca, cuando no existía otra forma de contribuir al Estado. Se concluye que la pediculosis fue endémica y que su tolerancia cultural y cosmovisión contribuyó a su prevalencia en el periodo Tardío.

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Estudio isotópico del consumo de recursos marítimos y terrestres en la prehistoria del desierto de Atacama

Cited by 4 publications

References 2 publications

Violence in fishing, hunting, and gathering societies of the Atacama Desert coast: A long-term perspective (10,000 BP—AD 1450)

Violence in fishing, hunting, and gathering societies of the Atacama Desert coast: A long-term perspective (10,000 BP—AD 1450)

Pre-Columbian cultivation of vegetatively propagated and fruit tree tropical crops in the Atacama Desert

Tributos, Piojos Y Dioses: Implicancias Culturales Y Prevalencia De La Pediculosis en Individuos Del Sitio Incaico De Camarones 9, Norte De Chile

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