Estudo da anatomia do lenho e dendrocronologia de árvores de <i>Copaifera multijuga </i>Hayne na Amazônia brasileira e sua relação com o manejo e extração de oleorresina

Abstract

Anatomy study of wood and dendrochronology of Copaifera multijuga Hayne trees in the Brazilian Amazon and its relation to the management and extraction of oleoresin The aiming of this study was to evaluate which factors affect the sustainability of the production of oil resin extraction in Copaifera multijuga trees such wood anatomical structure and growth rings. Among productive and non-productive trees, it was selected 60 trees from a natural population in the A. Ducke Forest Reserve in Manaus, Amazonas state, Brazil (two distinct groups were chosen 7 and 32 years interval of extractions). For reforested areas 70 trees were chosen in two stands at Tropical Silviculture Station also near Manaus. The oleoresin extraction was monitored during three years in trees of natural populations. It was taken into account DBH, % heartwood, tree ages, time and seasonality. In plantation systems C. multijuga trees were evaluated in relation of their production. From the two study-areas, it was collected radial wood samples in producing and non-producing oilresin trees for wood density (X-ray densitometry), as well anatomical structure of xylem and growth rings. The growth rings were analyzed to study the effect of climatic seasonality, to determine tree ages, the accumulated radial increment and annual rates of tree growth. They also were related to precipitation and temperature of the analyzed period. The results showed that both productive and non-productive trees can generate descendent with these two phenotypes. The oil resin production showed stronger relationship with diameter and % trunk heartwood than age. Interval time between extractions affects directly the production and the best period to collect them is in the rainy season. The oleoresin coloring ranged from colorless to medium brown, with a density of 0,92 g.cm-3 and viscosity of 37,3 MPa/s. Its chemical composition was not associated with age or soil type. β-cariofileno was the major constituent. Trees classified as productive differ to non productive in their wood anatomy only by largest vessel diameters shown in productive trees. All C. multijuga trees produce oleoresin, however not all of them are productive. The oleoresin synthesized in the epithelial cells of the secretory channels is transported and stored in the vessels of the heartwood by the radial parenchyma.The radial profile of wood density of C. multijuga trees allows the demarcation of growth ring limits, indicating a gradual increase in the pith-bark and 0,74 g.cm-3 mean apparent density. Dendrocronological analysis proved that growth rings has been formed annually. It was observed 108 years-old C. multijuga trees in natural population. Precipitation has more influence in tree growth than temperature. Finally, growth ring analysis showed that annual growth increment of trunk radius in natural population and plantations were 0,24 and 0,31 cm, respectively.

Oleoresin prospection in Copaifera sp. trees by using impulse tomography

“…According to Rodrigues et al (2011), oleoresin is produced by secretory glands and accumulates itself in the lumen of secretory channels, distributed along the xylem. These findings were corroborated by Carvalho et al (2018), Medeiros (2016), Plowden (2003Plowden ( , 2004, and Marcati et al (2001).…”

“…The storage of this content may occur in different parts of the trunk, and there is practical evidence of the occurrence of oil-resiniferous reservoirs ("pockets") that may or may not interconnect (Medeiros, 2016). Ascensão (2007) explained that the plastic deformation of the lumen of the epithelial cells of the secretory channels occurs due to the pressure of the extractive accumulation.…”

Avaliação do comportamento fenológico da Copaifera martii (Hayne) com dados climáticos em Floresta Secundária

“…Embora já tenha sido observadas árvores de Copaifera spp produzindo com mais de 90 anos de idade ainda não foi comprovado uma relação direta existente entre idade e produção de óleo (Medeiros, 2016).…”

Dendrocronologia das árvores de >i<Copaifera duckei>/i< Dwyer em florestas manejadas e sob exploração convencional na Amazônia Oriental

“…Grande quantidade de cristais romboédricos de oxalato de cálcio presentes no parênquima axial, particularmente junto aos raios. Há uma dificuldade em diferenciar ductos e cavidades, o que pode limitar a utilização dessas abordagens anatômicas, apesar disso, estas estruturas destacam-se como importantes caracteres taxonômicos em muitas famílias(SOLEREDER, 1908; METCALFE e CHALK, 1950).No geral, de acordo com o ITP (1978), as madeiras do gênero Copaifera apresentam cor castanho-avermelhada escura e alburno bege-rosado; com parênquimas em faixas marginais e vasicêntrico escasso; com muitos canais axiais de óleo-resina; e camadas de crescimento distintas pelo parênquima marginal.Sobre a possível presença de anéis de crescimento anuais das espécies de Copaífera, alguns estudos dendrocronológicos já foram realizados(LÓPEZ e VILLALBA, 2016;MEDEIROS, 2016; PEREIRA et al, 2018; FONTANA et al, 2018, MIRANDA et al., 2019. do estado do Pará, Brasil, no município de Paragominas, a uma altitude de cerca de 200 m em área particular do professor e pesquisador Edson Vidal, apoiado por várias instituições. A floresta é tida como sempre verde, com o dossel alcançando alturas entre 25-40 m. O terreno é plano à ondulado, sendo o latossolo amarelo rico em alumínio o tipo de solo predominantemente da região(VIDAL et al, 2016).No anode 1993de , como relatou VIDAL et al, (2016, a floresta foi submetida à exploração madeireira convencional (75 ha), e exploração de impacto reduzido (105 ha); e mantida uma área de 30 ha não explorada.…”