ETA: From secret army to social movement – the post‐Franco schism of the Basque nationalist movement

Llera, Francisco J.; Mata, José M.; Irvin, Cynthia

doi:10.1080/09546559308427222

Cited by 17 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Cross and Snow, 2011;Della Porta, 1988;Della Porta and LaFree, 2012;Wiktorowicz, 2005;Wright, 2007) and the mobilization of terrorist movements (e.g. Della Porta 1995Porta , 2013Gentry, 2004;Llera et al, 1993). Despite these important first steps, the nature, scope, and influence of the precise dynamics of terrorist leadership from social movement theoretical perspective remains underexamined and underdeveloped in the existent literature.…”

Section: Social Movement Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

The study of terrorist leadership: where do we go from here?

Hofmann

2017

JCRPP

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Purpose Despite the recognition of the importance of leaders for the formation and ongoing success of social and political movements, the study of leadership in terrorist groups remains underdeveloped. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to stimulate additional research into terrorist leadership in three main ways: by providing a broad overview of the theoretical perspectives that scholars have used to examine terrorist leadership, by critically reviewing the current state of the academic literature on terrorist leadership, and by presenting various ways in which future research on terrorist leadership can be improved. Design/methodology/approach This paper takes a conceptual and critical approach to reviewing the scholarly literature on terrorist leadership, and draws upon the author’s expertise with the wider multidisciplinary literature on leadership to make methodological and conceptual recommendations to improve related future research. Findings There is a paucity of empirical and theoretical research devoted to understanding important social and strategic aspects of terrorist leadership, and existing scholarly research is largely conducted in isolation with differing methodological and epistemological starting points. This has hampered efforts to measure, operationalize, and understand key concepts involving leadership in terrorist groups. Practical implications This paper provides several methodological and conceptual recommendations by which future research on terrorist leadership can be improved from insights taken from the wider scholarly literature on leadership. By virtue of being published in a criminology journal, this paper helps disseminate and expose key concepts in the study of terrorism to related disciplines. Originality/value This paper provides a general overview of the strengths and weaknesses of the study of terrorist leadership to scholars and students interested in the topic. It provides a foundational discussion of how the current literature on terrorist conceives of and utilizes the concept of leadership. It also provides methodological and conceptual recommendations to improve future research on terrorist leadership.

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Section: Social Movement Theorymentioning

confidence: 99%

The study of terrorist leadership: where do we go from here?

Hofmann

2017

JCRPP

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“…ETA reportedly comprises 20 to 100 deeply committed core members and several hundred supporters (Woodworth, 2001). Given the group’s small size, it has a loose organizational structure, composed mainly of small cells of several members each, with weak communication links to the organization’s leaders (Domínguez Iribarren, 1998; Llera, Mata, & Irvin, 1993). This non-hierarchical structure makes the ETA akin to a distributed and atomized network, which is more difficult for authorities to identify, infiltrate and disrupt or destroy than a more conventional organization.…”

Section: Etamentioning

confidence: 99%

Terrorism as Formal Organization, Network, and Social Movement

Comas

Shrivastava

Martin

2014

Journal of Management Inquiry

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International audienceTerrorism can be difficult to conceptualize as an organizational phenomenon. We argue that an organizational understanding of terrorism is enhanced if we understand that the collectivities that conduct terrorism can adopt any or all of the three forms of organizing: formal organization,network, and social movement. In short, organizational studies can contribute to the study of terrorism by articulating this polymorphic framework of forms. Using four illustrative cases drawn from a variety of geographic and ideological contexts (the Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), Liberation Tigers of Tamil Elam [LTTE], Hezbollah, and Al-Qaeda), we demonstrate the value of the polymorphic framework to avoid problems with traditional definitions of terrorism. In addition, the polymorphic framework can inspire further research about why and how terrorist groups shift from more or less fragmented networks, more or less formal organizations, and more or less embedded in social movements

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“…In the past few decades, Basque symbolic space in the Spanish nation has been identified with ETA and its violent resistance to everything Spanish (Llera et al, 1993) as the Spanish are looked upon as colonizers of the Basque homeland (Guibernau, 2000). Even today, the Basque separatist movement distinguishes itself from many other ethnic conflicts in that it is a campaign centered on language, as opposed to many others around the world that are founded on religious differences (Encarnación, 2004a).…”

Section: National Identitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Basque Nationalism and the Spiral of Silence

Spencer

Croucher

2008

International Communication Gazette

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/ This study represents a test of the spiral of silence theory across national boundaries regarding the Basque separatist group, ETA. Approximately 200 participants were surveyed for this study in France and Spain. The study found a stronger spiral of silence effect the closer participants were to the Basque homeland both geographically and culturally. This test of the spiral of silence is consistent with previous research in finding a need for cross-cultural applications of the theory.

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ETA: From secret army to social movement – the post‐Franco schism of the Basque nationalist movement

Cited by 17 publications

References 2 publications

The study of terrorist leadership: where do we go from here?

The study of terrorist leadership: where do we go from here?

Terrorism as Formal Organization, Network, and Social Movement

Basque Nationalism and the Spiral of Silence

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