Plant biomass has been recognized globally as an important link to a sustainable energy future because it can be grown universally and converted into liquid transportation fuels or other material through biochemical, thermochemical, or catalytic conversion processes. However, those potential benefits must be viewed in the context of other global societal needs (i.e., food, feed, fiber, potable water, carbon storage in ecosystems, and preservation of native habitats and biodiversity) that must also be met by plant biomass growing on a finite amount of arable land. The development of cellulosic feedstocks for biofuels and other bioproducts must be accomplished in an economically viable, environmentally benign, and socially sustainable manner. This task is feasible throughout the world, as illustrated by examples from Brazil, China, and India.