Ethene/Nitrous Oxide Mixtures as Green Propellant to Substitute Hydrazine: Reaction Mechanism Validation

Naumann, Clemens; Kick, Thomas; Methling, Torsten; Braun‐Unkhoff, Marina; Riedel, Uwe

doi:10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2020028133

Cited by 10 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Via extensive flame speed measurements and ignition delay time measurements in shock tubes, chemical kinetic reaction mechanisms for the N 2 O/C 2 H 4 and the N 2 O/C 2 H 6 mixtures were validated, optimised, and with respect to the N 2 O/C 2 H 4 reactive system, a reduced mechanism was provided [83,84]. Furthermore, the chemical kinetic reaction mechanisms were used to calculate quenching diameters and critical Péclet numbers for quenching of the N 2 O/hydrocarbon flame.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Future Fuels—Analyses of the Future Prospects of Renewable Synthetic Fuels

et al. 2019

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The Future Fuels project combines research in several institutes of the German Aerospace Center (DLR) on the production and use of synthetic fuels for space, energy, transportation, and aviation. This article gives an overview of the research questions considered and results achieved so far and also provides insight into the multidimensional and interdisciplinary project approach. Various methods and models were used which are embedded in the research context and based on established approaches. The prospects for large-scale fuel production using renewable electricity and solar radiation played a key role in the project. Empirical and model-based investigations of the technological and cost-related aspects were supplemented by modelling of the integration into a future electricity system. The composition, properties, and the related performance and emissions of synthetic fuels play an important role both for potential oxygenated drop-in fuels in road transport and for the design and certification of alternative aviation fuels. In addition, possible green synthetic fuels as an alternative to highly toxic hydrazine were investigated with different tools and experiments using combustion chambers. The results provide new answers to many research questions. The experiences with the interdisciplinary approach of Future Fuels are relevant for the further development of research topics and co-operations in this field.Synthetic fuels based on renewable energies (RE) are widely seen as a key element to achieving climate-neutral transport (e.g., [1,2]). As liquid hydrocarbons have a high energy and power density, they are primarily discussed as fuels for (heavy) road vehicles, ships, and aircraft. Due to their low storage and transport losses, they are also conceivable as a complementary long-term electricity storage option [3]. The challenges of producing and implementing these fuels are manifold. Chemical processes and renewable electrical or thermal energy can be used to produce liquid hydrocarbons from various carbon sources and hydrogen (and sometimes oxygen). Synthetic fuels have several advantages: they can be easily integrated into our existing energy and mobility infrastructures, can be used in all areas of the transport sector, and they can be optimized with regard to their chemical properties. The main disadvantages are the high energy losses and production costs.In this research context, eleven research groups at the German Aerospace Center (DLR) are working together on the Future Fuels project on synthetic fuels. The aim of the interdisciplinary approach is to realize synergies and joint research activities, as well as new research impulses through different perspectives. The scientists and engineers are investigating how synthetic fuels can be produced using solar energy and electrolysis processes (Solar Fuels), and are developing concepts for the re-conversion of these fuels into electricity. They are working on emission-optimized fuels for transport and aviation (Designer Fuels), as well as advanced space ap...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Future Fuels—Analyses of the Future Prospects of Renewable Synthetic Fuels

et al. 2019

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“…It can be seen here that the simulation results of mechanisms DLR SynNG + NO v0.0 and DLR SynNG + NO v0.2 hardly differ and both provide very good agreement with experimental data. The strong increase of the ignition delay time at atmospheric pressure for temperatures below about 1450 K for the stoichiometric and about 1600 K for the fuel-rich mixture indicates an apparent increase in the global activation energy [18]. This is not reproduced by any of the models used.…”

Section: Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…With the original model (DLR SynNG + NO v0.0, red dotted line), there are large differences of up to 0.22 m/s between model and experiment. With every optimization step (from red dotted to orange dashed line, and from orange dashed to green solid line), the correspondence improves; even the changes in rate constants of R2 (N 2 O + H ⇌ N 2 + OH) in DLR [18,19] SynNG + NO v0.1 (orange dashed line) have an immense influence. This is due to the change from the single-term Arrhenius rate expression from Klippenstein et al [25] to the double-term Arrhenius rate expression from Powell et al [12].…”

Section: Laminar Burning Velocitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ignition delay times have been measured behind reflected shock waves at the shock tube facility for both reaction systems, C 2 H 4 /N 2 O and C 2 H 6 /N 2 O. The results and details about the experiments and the construction of the devices were published in 2017 [17], 2019 [18], and 2020 [19]. The shock tube used is divided by aluminum diaphragms into the high-pressure driver section and the low-pressure driven section.…”

Section: Experimental Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimental data from literature of two global combustion parameters, laminar burning velocity and ignition delay time, were used for the validation and optimization [17][18][19][20]. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses and the resulting implications to reaction kinetics of nitrogen-containing species are investigated to evaluate the predictive potential of the mechanism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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“Green propellants” as a hydrazine substitute: experimental investigations of ethane/ethene-nitrous oxide mixtures and validation of detailed reaction mechanism

et al. 2021

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Mixtures of hydrocarbons and nitrous oxide are known as green propellants and could replace the highly toxic hydrazine and hydrazine derivatives as rocket fuel, since they are non-toxic and easier to handle, but still have a high specific impulse. Possible hydrocarbon candidates are ethane or ethene. To check the applicability of the two reaction systems, C2H6/N2O and C2H4/N2O, experiments are a prerequisite for accurate predictions under various conditions that are of great importance for the design of safe and reliable thrusters. Therefore, experimental literature data obtained from ignition delay times and laminar burning velocities were used to validate and optimize a new reaction mechanism, which is designed for C0–C3 and nitrogen oxides formation. To achieve a better predictive power of the detailed mechanism, the Arrhenius parameters of three reactions were adjusted: N2O + H ⇌ N2 + OH, N2O (+ M) ⇌ N2 + O (+ M), and NH + NO ⇌ N2O + H. A good agreement was achieved between simulation and experiment for ignition delay times at various pressures and equivalence ratios in a broad temperature range before and after the mechanism optimization. However, the laminar burning velocities in the whole measured range of the equivalence ratio for all pressures and dilutions showed a significant improvement after the optimization.

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Study on the Flame Acceleration and Transition from Deflagration to Detonation of N₂O/C₂H₄/CO₂

Jiang³

2022

Propellants Explo Pyrotec

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The application of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) as a candidate oxidant provides new opportunities for green propellants and propulsion systems. In this study, flame propagation, acceleration, and transition to detonation characteristics of stoichiometric N 2 O/C 2 H 4 diluted with CO 2 were investigated in 2 m cylindrical channels at 1 atm and 293 K. The flame propagation and acceleration were monitored by a high-speed video. Pressure transducers were located at different positions along the channel to collect data concerning DDT and detonation development. The in-fluence rules of various mass fractions of CO 2 on the above performance were evaluated. The results indicated that the process of flame propagation for N 2 O/C 2 H 4 was divided into three stages, ignition stage, DDT and detonation stage. Both the process of flame acceleration (FA) and peak overpressure for all the test mixtures decreased with an increase of CO 2 concentration in the initial stage, and detonation wave propagation was stabilized with the increase of CO 2 , then the corresponding propagation velocity was close to the CÀ J velocity.

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Ethene/Nitrous Oxide Mixtures as Green Propellant to Substitute Hydrazine: Reaction Mechanism Validation

Cited by 10 publications

References 9 publications

Future Fuels—Analyses of the Future Prospects of Renewable Synthetic Fuels

Future Fuels—Analyses of the Future Prospects of Renewable Synthetic Fuels

“Green propellants” as a hydrazine substitute: experimental investigations of ethane/ethene-nitrous oxide mixtures and validation of detailed reaction mechanism

Study on the Flame Acceleration and Transition from Deflagration to Detonation of N₂O/C₂H₄/CO₂

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Ethene/Nitrous Oxide Mixtures as Green Propellant to Substitute Hydrazine: Reaction Mechanism Validation

Cited by 10 publications

References 9 publications

Future Fuels—Analyses of the Future Prospects of Renewable Synthetic Fuels

Future Fuels—Analyses of the Future Prospects of Renewable Synthetic Fuels

“Green propellants” as a hydrazine substitute: experimental investigations of ethane/ethene-nitrous oxide mixtures and validation of detailed reaction mechanism

Study on the Flame Acceleration and Transition from Deflagration to Detonation of N2O/C2H4/CO2

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Study on the Flame Acceleration and Transition from Deflagration to Detonation of N₂O/C₂H₄/CO₂