Ethics and Public Health: Forging a Strong Relationship

Callahan, Daniel; Jennings, Bruce

doi:10.2105/ajph.92.2.169

Cited by 307 publications

(187 citation statements)

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“…Essentially, other scholars like Mariner (2009), Magnusson (2007), and Burris, Kawachi and Sarat (2002) argue among others that public health laws should focus on determining or serving as a mechanism for the health effects of social and physical environments. Callahan and Jennings (2002) have also argued toward this end that as the concern of health policymakers turn toward health outcomes, cost-effectiveness, and preventive measures throughout the life cycle (primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention), the field of public health is gaining increased public and legislative attention. They further argue among other things that Public health, especially the public health professional in many matters has the legal power especially the police power of the state behind it.…”

Section: International and Multidisciplinary Journal Of Social Sciencmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vol. 6, Num. 1 - Full Issue

Serradell

2017

RIMCIS

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Despite much research done on language learning textbooks, there still exist several questions unanswered about what these textbooks' contents are about. This study is thus an attempt to investigate the 15 reading passages of "Ready for First Certificate of English" (FCE) in the light of schema theory. In doing so, the microstructural approach to schema theory was taken into the account which led to the classification of 8617 schema tokens into the three main categories of syntactic, semantic, and parasyntactic domains. Running the chi-square test revealed that the domains differ significantly from each other regarding both their types (X 2 = 2869.9, p< 0.05) and tokens (X 2 = 1704, p< 0.05) which lent support to their psychological reality. In addition, the descriptive analysis of the schemata demonstrated that reading passages are heavily outweighed by semantic types (80.7%), whereas syntactic and parasyntactic types formed only about 6% and 12.4% of the textbook, respectively. The pedagogical implication of the study is discussed and further suggestions are put forward.Keywords: schema theory, microstructural approach, semantic domain, syntactic domain, parasyntactic domain RIMCIS -International and Multidisciplinary Journal of Social Sciences Vol. 6 No.1 March 2017 pp. 1-22 Atena Attaran Ferdowsi University of Mashhad ResumenA pesar que los libros de texto para el aprendizaje de idiomas se ha investigado mucho, aún hay varias cuestiones sin responder acerca de la temática de su contenido. Este estudio es, pues, un intento de investigar los quince fragmentos de lectura del "Ready for First Certificate of English" (FCE) a la luz de la teoría del esquema. De esta manera, se tuvo en cuenta una perspectiva microestructural de la teoría del esquema lo que condujo a la clasificación de 8617 muestras de esquemas en las tres principales categorías de los dominios sintáctico, semántico y parasintáctico. La prueba del chi-cuadrado mostró que los dominios difieren significativamente los unos de los otros teniendo en cuenta tanto su tipo (X2=2869.9, p<0.05) como su muestra (X2=1704, p<0.05) lo que condujo a reforzar su realidad psicológica. Así mismo, el análisis descriptivo de los esquemas demostró que los fragmentos de lectura están fuertemente sobreponderados por los tipos semánticos (80.7%), mientras que que los tipos sintáctico y parasintáctico conforman sólo alrededor del 6% y el 12.4% respectivamente de los libros de texto. Se debaten las implicaciones pedagógicas del estudio y se avanzan sugerencias para futuras investigaciones.Palabras clave: teoría del esquema, perspectiva microestructural, dominio semántico, dominio sintáctico, dominio parasintáctico Sciences, 6(1) 3 he saliency of textbooks in English language teaching (ELT henceforth) classes cannot be ignored due to their importance in providing language input and practices for language learners (Richards, 2001). Textbooks as the "visible part of any ELT program" (Sheldon, 1988) are the means of consistency in the language learning process an...

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Section: International and Multidisciplinary Journal Of Social Sciencmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vol. 6, Num. 1 - Full Issue

Serradell

2017

RIMCIS

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“…They advocate a more holistic, social justice approach in bioethics, which has been referred to as "population-based bioethics" or "integrative bioethics" (Sodeke 2012 ). It can be argued that this expansion of bioethics beyond clinical ethics into population issues moves bioethics into the arena of public health ethics (Callahan and Jennings 2002 ).…”

Section: Research Ethics Clinical Ethics and Bioethics : Principlimentioning

confidence: 99%

Public Health Ethics: Global Cases, Practice, and Context

Ortmann¹,

Barrett²,

Saénz

et al. 2016

Public Health Ethics Analysis

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“…In order to keep its promise of improving health, nutrigenomics needs to see its scientific progress harmonized with human dignity and social justice as expressed through adherence to fundamental ethical principles. Some of the ethical issues raised by nutrigenomics will be the same as those raised by the development of genomics research and applications in general: notably, genetic exceptionalism and reductionism [72][73][74] Such questions underline the importance of not loosing sight of the ethical principles at the root of global health ethics [75][76][77]. Because of the power imparted to public health authorities, the ethical integration of nutrigenomics into global health requires the informed awareness of lay citizens, and eventually their participation in the formulation of public policy in a framework of respect for local and cultural particularities [64].…”

Section: The Major Ethical Challenges Of Nutrigenomics For Global Heamentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrigenomics for Global Health: Ethical Challenges for Underserved Populations

Godard¹,

Hurlimann

2009

CPPM

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Nutrigenomics covers disparate fields of nutrition science and has been defined in many different ways. In fact, this emerging field of science has multiple facets, many of which do not generate the same ethical issues. In particular, different ethical issues emerge concerning the extent to which nutrigenomics may actually improve global health, i.e., in terms of worldwide improvement of health, reduction of disparities, and protection against global threats that disregard national borders. Nutrigenomics raises many hopes and expectations on that score. However it remains unclear and controversial whether nutrigenomics studies and their actual or potential applications will actually benefit developing countries and their populations. Different forces may drive the choice of research priorities and shape the claims that are made when communicating the goals or the results of nutrigenomics studies and applications. This article proposes to assess expectations and claims in nutrigenomics, with respect to their respective potential impact on global health and the ethical issues they raise. Nutrigenomics is and should be more than premature claims and much debated promises about personalized nutritional interventions on individuals. Beyond questionable commercial claims, nutrigenomics is also knowledge about and recognition of the considerable impacts of underfeeding and malnutrition on the genome (and epigenome) integrity and stability. As such, nutrigenomics research is a valuable opportunity to revive and give strength to the debate about the unacceptable consequences of hunger and malnutrition worldwide, and to support a newly and potentially significant convergence in research priorities that could benefit both developed and developing countries. 3 IntroductionNutrigenomics is a new application context for genomics technologies that focuses on the bidirectional study of genetic factors influencing host (individuals' or populations') responses to diet as well as effects of bioactive constituents in food on host genome and gene expression [1, 2]. This bidirectional approach to the study of genome-diet interaction creates a dual avenue for tangible nutrigenomics applications.Nutrigenomics is often described as one of the latest applications of genomics technologies in the field of personalized health interventions or personalized medicine, following the science of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics. Yet, as it will be shown in this article, nutrigenomics goes beyond personalized health interventions. It covers disparate fields of nutrition science, which may pursue different goals and thus have multiple facets. Consequently, different ethical issues emerge, particularly in regard to the extent to which nutrigenomics may improve global health.There is no common understanding of the term "global health" [3]. Global health "is a field that encompasses […], processes, and institutions needed to create the conditions for people throughout the world to attain the highest possible level of physical and mental h...

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Ethics and Public Health: Forging a Strong Relationship

Cited by 307 publications

References 7 publications

Vol. 6, Num. 1 - Full Issue

Vol. 6, Num. 1 - Full Issue

Public Health Ethics: Global Cases, Practice, and Context

Nutrigenomics for Global Health: Ethical Challenges for Underserved Populations

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