Ethics and the Practice of Forensic Science

A Review of Codes of Ethics in the United States and Ethical Dilemmas Surrounding the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)

“…Many academic texts are devoted entirely to the development of codes of ethics [35,36]. The publications by Barnett [37], Bowen [22], and Downs and Swienton [38] are useful for forensic anthropological contexts. In addition, Blau and Ubelaker [39] discuss ethical dilemmas in anthropology that may occur on multiple levels, including expert credentials, interpretation of evidence, research and publications, and personal ethical dilemma, during research involving human remains.…”

“…As explained by Bowen [22], there are three general rules that should be considered in developing a code of ethics. It is important in the early stage of code development to reach "a mutual agreement regarding moral principles, the requirement of science pertaining to technology and information sharing, and legal requirements [22]".…”

“…The reasons for establishing a code of ethics are to: "1) define acceptable behaviors; 2) promote high standards of practice; 3) provide a benchmark for members to use for self evaluation; 4) establish a framework for professional behavior and responsibilities; and lastly, 5) to have a vehicle for occupational identity, and a mark of occupational maturity [23]". In other words, by defining professional behavior, a code of ethics not only functions to dissuade people from acting unethically by outlining general procedures for violation of ethical conducts, but also to promote a sense of pride, tolerance, and responsibility of scientific communities [22].…”

“…It is important in the early stage of code development to reach "a mutual agreement regarding moral principles, the requirement of science pertaining to technology and information sharing, and legal requirements [22]". Bowen [22] further states that developing a code of ethics should be "a practice of the profession as a whole", not a reflection of the majority opinion. Yet the agreement should be made in a way that conveys individual's personal morals with respect to ethical issues.…”

“…A code of ethics is an institutional guideline that reinforces ethical conduct among professionals, and governs their behavior based on moral values that a particular professional discipline and culture uphold [22]. The reasons for establishing a code of ethics are to: "1) define acceptable behaviors; 2) promote high standards of practice; 3) provide a benchmark for members to use for self evaluation; 4) establish a framework for professional behavior and responsibilities; and lastly, 5) to have a vehicle for occupational identity, and a mark of occupational maturity [23]".…”