Ethics Aspects of Embedded and Cyber-Physical Systems

Thekkilakattil, Abhilash; Dodig-Crnković, Gordana

doi:10.1109/compsac.2015.41

Cited by 21 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…[23]. The view that safety culture based on openness, learning, adaptability and sharing of experiences is central for safety is supported by the study of the ethical aspects of cyber-physical technology [24][25][26], which also comprise hardware controlled by software. The authors emphasize the evolutionary character of technology, which is being improved iteratively and consecutively, because many of the phenomena in the real world applications are emergent and impossible to predict from the beginning.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk-Based Decision-Making Fallacies: Why Present Functional Safety Standards are Not Enough

Johnsen

Dodig-Crnković

Lundqvist

et al. 2017

2017 IEEE International Conference on Software Architecture Workshops (ICSAW)

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Functional safety of a system is the part of its overall safety, understood as freedom from unacceptable/unreasonable risks that depends on a system operating correctly in response to its inputs. Functional safety elements are examined at every stage of the software development life cycle, including requirement specification, design, implementation, verification, validation and deployment. Acceptability of risks is judged within a framework of analysis with contextual and cultural aspects by individuals who may introduce subjectivity and misconceptions in the assessment. While functional safety standards elaborate much on the avoidance of unreasonable risk, little is addressed on the issue of avoiding unreasonable judgments of risk. Through the studies of common fallacies in risk perception and ethics, we present a moral-psychological analysis of functional safety standards and propose plausible improvements of the involved risk-related decision making processes, with a focus on the notion of an acceptable residual risk. As a functional safety reference model, we use the functional safety standard ISO 26262, addressing potential hazards caused by malfunctions of hardware and software systems within road vehicles, and defines safety measures that are required to achieve an acceptable level of safety. Analysis points out the critical importance of a robust safety culture with developed countermeasures to the common fallacies in risk perception, which are not addressed by contemporary functional safety standards. We argue that functional safety standards should be complemented with the analysis of potential hazards caused by fallacies in risk perception, their countermeasures, and the requirement that residual risks must be explicated, motivated, and accompanied by a plan for their continuous reduction. This approach becomes especially important in contemporary developed autonomous vehicles with increasing computational applications. I.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk-Based Decision-Making Fallacies: Why Present Functional Safety Standards are Not Enough

Johnsen

Dodig-Crnković

Lundqvist

et al. 2017

2017 IEEE International Conference on Software Architecture Workshops (ICSAW)

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“…Other ethical challenges include fear of job loss, unequal distribution of wealth among the stakeholders, dependency on machines, etc. From the smart city perspective, ethical issues play a vital role in governance [191,192]. Self-awareness and education about the pros and cons of technology must be considered while using smart city services.…”

Section: Ethical Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cyber-Physical Systems and Smart Cities in India: Opportunities, Issues, and Challenges

Ahmad

Ahad

Alam

et al. 2021

Sensors

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A large section of the population around the globe is migrating towards urban settlements. Nations are working toward smart city projects to provide a better wellbeing for the inhabitants. Cyber-physical systems are at the core of the smart city setups. They are used in almost every system component within a smart city ecosystem. This paper attempts to discuss the key components and issues involved in transforming conventional cities into smart cities with a special focus on cyber-physical systems in the Indian context. The paper primarily focuses on the infrastructural facilities and technical knowhow to smartly convert classical cities that were built haphazardly due to overpopulation and ill planning into smart cities. It further discusses cyber-physical systems as a core component of smart city setups, highlighting the related security issues. The opportunities for businesses, governments, inhabitants, and other stakeholders in a smart city ecosystem in the Indian context are also discussed. Finally, it highlights the issues and challenges concerning technical, financial, and other social and infrastructural bottlenecks in the way of realizing smart city concepts along with future research directions.

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“…Optimally, these stakeholders will continue to play a role through all of the lifecycle phases of the system -from design, prototyping, revisions, usage and end-of-life. This design approach is crucial also due to the responsibility the developers carry in most cases (Thekkilakattil and Dodig-Crnkovic 2015) -especially when the systems have failed or are malfunctioning.…”

Section: Opportunities and Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Machine invention systems: a (r)evolution of the invention process?

Vasilescu

Filzmoser

2020

AI & Soc

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Current developments in fields such as quantum physics, fine arts, robotics, cognitive sciences or defense and security indicate the emergence of creative systems capable of producing new and innovative solutions through combinations of machine learning algorithms. These systems, called machine invention systems, challenge the established invention paradigm in promising the automation of – at least parts of – the innovation process. This paper’s main contribution is twofold. Based on the identified state-of-the-art examples in the above mentioned fields, key components for machine invention systems and their relations are identified, creating a conceptual model as well as proposing a working definition for machine invention systems. The differences and delimitations to other concepts in the field of machine learning and artificial intelligence, such as machine discovery systems are discussed as well. Furthermore, the paper briefly addresses the social and societal implications and limitations that come with the adoption of the technology. Because of their revolutionizing potential, there are widespread implications to consider from ethical and moral implications to policymaking and societal changes, like changes in the job structure. The discussion part approaches some of these implications, as well as solutions to some of the proposed challenges. The paper concludes by discussing some of the systemic benefits that can be accessed through machine invention.

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Ethics Aspects of Embedded and Cyber-Physical Systems

Cited by 21 publications

References 11 publications

Risk-Based Decision-Making Fallacies: Why Present Functional Safety Standards are Not Enough

Risk-Based Decision-Making Fallacies: Why Present Functional Safety Standards are Not Enough

Cyber-Physical Systems and Smart Cities in India: Opportunities, Issues, and Challenges

Machine invention systems: a (r)evolution of the invention process?

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