Ethnic and racial differences in clinically relevant symptoms in active duty military personnel with posttraumatic stress disorder

Kaczkurkin, Antonia N.; Asnaani, Anu; Hall-Clark, Brittany N.; Peterson, Alan L.; Yarvis, Jeffrey S.; Foa, Edna B.

doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2016.09.004

Cited by 25 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 51 publications

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“…Interestingly, there were no racial differences in trauma. Together these findings add to other studies reporting greater PTSD symptoms in Black compared to White women (e.g., Brewin et al, 2000; Frueh et al, 1998; Kaczkurkin et al, 2016). As Black men and women are less likely to seek psychological treatment compared to their White counterparts, potential racial differences in the incidence and severity of PTSD symptoms could have far-reaching clinical consequences (e.g., Roberts et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Race, psychosocial vulnerability and social support differences in inner-city women's symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder

Gaffey

Aranda

Burns

et al. 2018

Anxiety, Stress, & Coping

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Background/Objectives: Inner-city Black women may be more susceptible to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) than White women, although mechanisms underlying this association are unclear. Living in urban neighborhoods distinguished by higher chronic stress may contribute to racial differences in women’s cognitive, affective, and social vulnerabilities, leading to greater trauma-related distress including PTSD. Yet social support could buffer the negative effects of psychosocial vulnerabilities on women’s health. Methods/Design: Mediation and moderated mediation models were tested with 371 inner-city women, including psychosocial vulnerability (i.e., catastrophizing, anger, social undermining) mediating the pathway between race and PTSD, and social support moderating psychosocial vulnerability and PTSD. Results: Despite comparable rates of trauma, Black women reported higher vulnerability and PTSD symptoms, and lower support compared to White Hispanic and non-Hispanic women. Psychosocial vulnerability mediated the pathway between race and PTSD, and social support moderated vulnerability, reducing negative effects on PTSD. When examining associations by race, the moderation effect remained significant for Black women only. Conclusions: Altogether these psychosocial vulnerabilities represent one potential mechanism explaining Black women’s greater risk of PTSD, although cumulative psychosocial vulnerability may be buffered by social support. Despite higher support, inner-city White women’s psychosocial vulnerability may actually outweigh support’s benefits for reducing trauma-related distress.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Race, psychosocial vulnerability and social support differences in inner-city women's symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder

Gaffey

Aranda

Burns

et al. 2018

Anxiety, Stress, & Coping

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show abstract

“…Pervasive exposure to racial discrimination has been proposed as a potential mechanism or explanation regarding why Black Americans are at an increased risk of PTSD. Indeed, racial discrimination has been documented as a significant contributor to psychological sequelae in this population following trauma exposure (Kaczkurkin et al., 2016; Sibrava et al., 2019).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Racial Discrimination is Associated with Acute Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Predicts Future Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Severity in Trauma‐Exposed Black Adults in the United States

Bird

Webb

Schramm

et al. 2021

Journal of Traumatic Stress

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In the United States, Black residents exposed to a traumatic event are at an increased risk of developing posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and experiencing more severe symptoms compared to their non‐Hispanic White counterparts. Although previous work has suggested a link between racial discrimination and PTSD symptoms, no studies have assessed this association in a sample of traumatic injury survivors. The current study investigated whether (a) past racial discrimination was associated with acute posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and (b) discrimination prospectively contributed to the prediction of future PTSD symptoms. African American and/or Black patients (N = 113) were recruited from an emergency department in southeastern Wisconsin. Patients in the acute postinjury phase (i.e., 2 weeks posttrauma) completed self‐report measures, with PTSD symptoms assessed using the Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale at 6‐month follow‐up. Bivariate associations indicated past racial discrimination was significantly related to acute PTSS. A multiple regression analysis revealed that pretrauma exposure to racial discrimination significantly predicted PTSD symptoms at follow‐up, even after controlling for age, gender, previous psychiatric diagnosis, social support, and lifetime trauma history. Our results suggest that experiences of racial discrimination add significant additional risk for PTSD symptom development following traumatic injury, R2 = .16, F(6, 106) = 3.25, p = .006. Broadly, these findings add to the body of empirical evidence and personal testimonies of Black individuals in White‐centric societies asserting that racial discrimination affects mental health and overall well‐being and further highlight the recent call for racism to be classified as a public health crisis.

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“…Future research should use longitudinal designs to assess changes of these emotional responses over time and after successful PTSD treatment. In addition, previous research has indicated that trauma exposure (e.g., time since trauma) and demographic characteristics are associated with PTSD symptoms (e.g., Kaczkurkin et al., ). These factors should also be taken into account in future studies to understand the negative emotional response to trauma.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Peritraumatic and Posttraumatic Emotions Questionnaires Among Active Duty Military Personnel With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

Zang

Gay

Kaczkurkin

et al. 2018

Journal of Traumatic Stress

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The Peritraumatic Emotions Questionnaire (Peri‐TEQ) and Posttraumatic Emotions Questionnaire (Post‐TEQ) are self‐report measures of emotions experienced during and after a traumatic event, respectively. The factor structure and psychometric properties of the Peri‐ and Post‐TEQ were investigated among 474 military personnel with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following deployment. Exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to test the factor structure of the scales. Internal consistency, composite reliability, convergent validity, and discriminant validity were also assessed. Four factors were identified for the Peri‐TEQ (Fear, Humiliation, Anger, and Sadness), and three factors were identified for the Post‐TEQ (Fear, Anger‐Hurt, and Humiliation). The full scales and all subscales demonstrated adequate‐to‐good internal consistency, Cronbach's αs = .722–.893. The subscales demonstrated adequate‐to‐good composite reliability, Cronbach's αs = .763–.861. The Peri‐ and Post‐TEQ demonstrated good convergent validity with measures of PTSD symptoms, rs = .229–.601, ps < .001, and depressive symptoms, rs = .284–.470, ps < .001, and good discriminate validity with measures of resilience, ps = .116–.940, and unit cohesion, Peri‐TEQ, p = .304 and Post‐TEQ, r = −.123, p = .008. The Humiliation subscales demonstrated good convergent validity with guilt cognitions, rs = .315–.341, ps < .001, and the Anger subscales demonstrated good convergent validity with state anger, rs = .260–.347, ps < .001. The Peri‐ and Post‐TEQ are reliable, valid self‐report measures of emotions during and in response to remembering a trauma. The results support the use of these measures in research investigating trauma‐related emotions.

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Ethnic and racial differences in clinically relevant symptoms in active duty military personnel with posttraumatic stress disorder

Cited by 25 publications

References 51 publications

Race, psychosocial vulnerability and social support differences in inner-city women's symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder

Race, psychosocial vulnerability and social support differences in inner-city women's symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder

Racial Discrimination is Associated with Acute Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms and Predicts Future Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptom Severity in Trauma‐Exposed Black Adults in the United States

Factor Structure and Psychometric Properties of the Peritraumatic and Posttraumatic Emotions Questionnaires Among Active Duty Military Personnel With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

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