Ethnic Density of Neighborhoods and Incidence of Psychotic Disorders Among Immigrants

Veling, Wim; Süsser, Ezra; Os, Jim van; Mackenbach, Johan P.; Selten, Jean‐Paul; Hoek, Hans W.

doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030423

Cited by 302 publications

(274 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…In a more general sense, it is also possible that an underlying stress-factor associated with minority status could result in both the lower cognitive scores and the higher incidence rates in immigrants. Factors like stereotype threat (i.e., being at risk of confirming a negative stereotype about one's group) have been found to predict worse cognitive performance in immigrants [53], whereas other social stress factors such as discrimination [7,54,55] and urban ethnic density [56] appear to be related to the increased incidence of psychotic disorders in immigrants. Further research is warranted to expand and integrate existing cognitive [57] and ecological [58][59][60] models linking large cognitive deficits and increased incidence of psychosis in immigrant groups.…”

Section: Cannabis Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive deficits and ethnicity: a cohort study of early psychosis patients in The Netherlands

Stouten

Veling

Helm

et al. 2012

Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol

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Purpose Incidence rates of psychotic disorders are higher in immigrant groups compared to native populations. This increased risk may partly be explained by misdiagnosis. Neurocognitive deficits are a core feature of psychotic disorders, but little is known about the relationship between migration and cognition in psychotic disorders. We examined whether immigrant patients have cognitive deficits similar to non-immigrant patients, in order to investigate the plausibility of misdiagnosis as explanation for increased incidence rates. Methods Patients who made first contact for non-affective psychotic disorder were assessed in the cognitive domains sustained attention, immediate recall and delayed recall. Immigrant patients were compared to Dutch patients on cognitive performance. Results 407 Patients diagnosed with a non-affective psychotic disorder completed cognitive assessment (157 Dutch, 250 immigrants). Both Dutch and immigrant patients showed large cognitive deficits. Between-subgroup comparisons revealed large cognitive deficits for immigrants compared to Dutch, especially for immigrants from Morocco, Turkey and other non-Western countries. Conclusions These results indicate that immigrant status is associated with poorer cognitive functioning in early psychosis. The findings argue against diagnostic bias as an explanation for the increased incidence of psychotic disorders in immigrants.

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Section: Cannabis Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive deficits and ethnicity: a cohort study of early psychosis patients in The Netherlands

Stouten

Veling

Helm

et al. 2012

Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol

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“…As such it begins to illuminate those communities that are likely to face the largest inequalities in regard to the burden of severe mental illness. A body of international research (van Os et al 2000;Allardyce et al 2005;Veling et al 2008;Zammit et al 2010), including our own work in England (Kirkbride et al 2008(Kirkbride et al , 2012a, now suggests that social inequalities themselves are associated with increased rates of psychotic illness. Tools to identify and tackle regional inequalities in the social and economic determinants of mental health and well-being, as well as in inequalities in the allocation of resources within and beyond the mental health system, can serve as the evidence base upon which to found effective service delivery for the prevention and management of mental health disorders.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Parity of esteem begins at home: translating empirical psychiatric research into effective public mental health

Kirkbride

Jones

2013

Psychol. Med.

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There is increasing recognition that parity of esteem between mental and physical health disorders is essential to improve the course, outcome and quality of life of individuals within different populations. Achieving this parity now underpins the objectives of several nations. Here, we argue that parity of esteem between mental and physical health can only be realized when parity of esteem also exists across mental health disorders, particularly in terms of service commissioning and planning. Using first-episode psychosis and early intervention in psychosis services as a motivating example, we demonstrate how carefully conducted psychiatric epidemiology can be translated to develop precise forecasts of the anticipated incidence of first-episode psychosis in different populations, based on an understanding of underlying local needs and inequalities. Open-access prediction tools such as PsyMaptic will allow commissioners of mental health services to more effectively allocate resources across services, based on empirical evidence and local need, thus reducing inequalities in access to mental health care.

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“…In The Hague and London, it was demonstrated that living in a neighborhood with a high proportion of residents of the own ethnic group is related to a lower risk for schizophrenia and low own-group ethnic density to a higher risk. 17,18 Das-Munshi et al 19 showed that potential markers of SD, such as discrimination, poor social support, and chronic strains, mediated the relationship between low owngroup ethnic density and presence of psychotic experiences. Zammit et al 14 showed that the ethnic density effect also operates at school level because it similarly applies to children with Swedish parents attending schools with a high proportion of foreign-born children.…”

Section: Evidence That Sd Explains Association With Migrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Social Defeat Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: an Update

Ven¹

2017

Eur. psychiatr.

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according to the social defeat (Sd) hypothesis, published in 2005, long-term exposure to the experience of Sd may lead to sensitization of the mesolimbic dopamine (da) system and thereby increase the risk for schizophrenia. the hypothesis posits that Sd (ie, the negative experience of being excluded from the majority group) is the common denominator of 5 major schizophrenia risk factors: urban upbringing, migration, childhood trauma, low intelligence, and drug abuse. the purpose of this update of the literature since 2005 is to answer 2 questions: (1) What is the evidence that Sd explains the association between schizophrenia and these risk factors? (2) What is the evidence that Sd leads to sensitization of the mesolimbic da system? the evidence for Sd as the mechanism underlying the increased risk was found to be strongest for migration and childhood trauma, while the evidence for urban upbringing, low intelligence, and drug abuse is suggestive, but insufficient. Some other findings that may support the hypothesis are the association between risk for schizophrenia and african american ethnicity, unemployment, single status, hearing impairment, autism, illiteracy, short stature, Klinefelter syndrome, and, possibly, sexual minority status. While the evidence that Sd in humans leads to sensitization of the mesolimbic da system is not sufficient, due to lack of studies, the evidence for this in animals is strong. the authors argue that the Sd hypothesis provides a parsimonious and plausible explanation for a number of epidemiological findings that cannot be explained solely by genetic confounding.

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Ethnic Density of Neighborhoods and Incidence of Psychotic Disorders Among Immigrants

Abstract: The incidence of psychotic disorders was elevated most significantly among immigrants living in neighborhoods where their own ethnic group comprised a small proportion of the population.

Cited by 302 publications

References 33 publications

Cognitive deficits and ethnicity: a cohort study of early psychosis patients in The Netherlands

Cognitive deficits and ethnicity: a cohort study of early psychosis patients in The Netherlands

Parity of esteem begins at home: translating empirical psychiatric research into effective public mental health

The Social Defeat Hypothesis of Schizophrenia: an Update

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