“…Following Hoxby (2000), several recent studies have
addressed this challenge by using arguably idiosyncratic variation in student
composition across cohorts within the same schools to identify the effects of
classmate characteristics. These studies have found that variation in the race,
gender, ability, exposure to family violence, and home language of classmates can
have short term effects on individual test scores (Angist and Lang 2004; Carell and
Hoekstra 2010; Friesen and Krauth
2011; Hanushek, Kain, and Rivkin
2002; Hoxby 2000; Lavy, Paserman, and Schlosser 2008; Lavy and Schlosser 2007). This approach, however,
requires data on multiple cohorts of students from the same schools, and data
sources that have sufficient information on school context for multiple cohorts of
students usually do not track students longitudinally following the completion of
high school.…”