Ethnic stereotypes.

Brigham, John C.

doi:10.1037/h0031446

Cited by 491 publications

(313 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…It is useful to consider these ideas in a historical context. For many years, it was assumed that stereotypic beliefs are formed as a consequence of first-hand intergroup experiences with group members, or are acquired second-hand through social learning and socialization (Brigham, 1971;Hamilton, 1976;Hamilton, Stroessner, & Driscoll, 1994). The initial conceptions formed may be enhanced when accompanied by a history of conflict between the groups, intergroup feelings of relative deprivation (Crosby, 1976;Runciman, 1966), or competition for scarce resources (Sherif, 1966).…”

Section: Theoretical Context: Implications Of Stigs For Stereotype Fomentioning

confidence: 99%

Sowing the seeds of stereotypes: Spontaneous inferences about groups.

Hamilton¹,

Chen²,

Ko³

et al. 2015

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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Although dispositional inferences may be consciously drawn from the trait implications of observed behavior, abundant research has shown that people also spontaneously infer trait dispositions simply in the process of comprehending behavior. These spontaneous trait inferences (STIs) can occur without intention or awareness. All research on STIs has studied STIs based on behaviors of individual persons. Yet important aspects of social life occur in groups, and people regularly perceive groups engaging in coordinated action. We propose that perceivers make spontaneous trait inferences about groups (STIGs), parallel to the STIs formed about individuals. In 5 experiments we showed that (a) perceivers made STIGs comparable with STIs about individuals (based on the same behaviors), (b) a cognitive load manipulation did not affect the occurrence of STIGs, (c) STIGs occurred for groups varying in entitativity, (d) STIGs influenced perceivers' impression ratings of those groups, and (e) STIG-based group impressions generalized to new group members. These experiments provide the first evidence for STIGs, a process that may contribute to the formation of spontaneous group impressions. Implications for stereotype formation are discussed.

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Section: Theoretical Context: Implications Of Stigs For Stereotype Fomentioning

confidence: 99%

Sowing the seeds of stereotypes: Spontaneous inferences about groups.

Hamilton¹,

Chen²,

Ko³

et al. 2015

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

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“…The scale to evaluate existing prejudices against the unemployed applied the per cent rating method developed by Brigham (1971). He proposes asking questions about the perception of how many people perform the disapproved behaviour.…”

Section: Prejudices Against Unemployed Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

Stigma consciousness among the unemployed and prejudices against them: development of two scales for the 7th wave of the panel study “Labour Market and Social Security (PASS)”

Gurr

Jungbauer-Gans

2013

J Labour Market Res

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“…Then, by means of a procedure similar to those developed by Brigham (1971) and Eagly and Mladinic (1989), participants were asked to estimate the percentage of Germans who possess a variety of stereotypic personality traits. An additional purpose of Study 1 was to determine whether the presence of a German person would affect the use of stereotypes in response to mortality salience.…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereotypes and terror management: Evidence that mortality salience enhances stereotypic thinking and preferences.

Schimel¹,

Simon²,

Greenberg³

et al. 1999

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology

275

206

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If stereotypes function to protect people against death-related concerns, then mortality salience should increase stereotypic thinking and preferences for stereotype-confirming individuals. Study 1 demonstrated that mortality salience increased stereotyping of Germans. In Study 2, it increased participants' tendency to generate more explanations for stereotype-inconsistent than stereotype-consistent gender role behavior. In Study 3, mortality salience increased participants' liking for a stereotype-consistent African American and decreased their liking for a stereotype-inconsistent African American; control participants exhibited the opposite preference. Study 4 replicated this pattern with evaluations of stereotypeconfirming or stereotype-disconfirming men and women. Study 5 showed that, among participants high in need for closure, mortality salience led to decreased liking for a stereotype-inconsistent gay man.

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Ethnic stereotypes.

Cited by 491 publications

References 61 publications

Sowing the seeds of stereotypes: Spontaneous inferences about groups.

Sowing the seeds of stereotypes: Spontaneous inferences about groups.

Stigma consciousness among the unemployed and prejudices against them: development of two scales for the 7th wave of the panel study “Labour Market and Social Security (PASS)”

Stereotypes and terror management: Evidence that mortality salience enhances stereotypic thinking and preferences.

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