Ethnicity and Urban Recreation: Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics in Chicago's Public Parks

Managing Urban Parks for a Racially and Ethnically Diverse Clientele

“…These results are supported by studies examining preferences for social interaction (e.g., Dwyer & Gobster, 1992), participation motivations (e.g., Gramann, Floyd, & Saenz, 1993), and in-park use observations (e.g., Gobster, 1992;Hutchison, 1987). These studies generally show higher group sizes for non-White park users, and family and extended family group types for Latinos.…”

“…These studies generally show higher group sizes for non-White park users, and family and extended family group types for Latinos. Hutchison (1987) argued that the social composition of recreation groups may be a more important factor than activity participation in understanding the leisure of different ethnic and racial groups, and Floyd (1999) adds that the total combination of social patterns, activity preferences, and attitudes ultimately de ne unique leisure styles. Management that facilitates racially/ethnically based social use patterns might include table and seating arrangements that accommodate larger groups; a simpli ed information/permitting system for obtaining picnic areas for organized group festivals; and location and maintenance of restroom facilities throughout the park that provide safe and clean access.…”

Attitudes of Citizens towards Urban Parks and Green Spaces for Urban Sustainability: The Case of Gyeongsan City, Republic of Korea

“…For example, the main reasons for visiting urban green space in the UK are enjoying the environment, social activities, walking activities, passive and active enjoyment (including dog walking), and attending events [46]. In the USA, Americans use the parks for stationary activities, sports activities, social and relaxing benefits, walking and jogging [47,48]. Walking, relaxing, children, and sports activities are the main reasons in using urban parks and green spaces in Budapest [49].…”

Theoretical Perspectives of Ethnicity and Outdoor Recreation: A Review and Synthesis of African-American and European-American Participation

“…The study did not specify a model that controlled for income and education along with the other socioeconomic variables. Hutchison (1987) found support for the demographic explanation in a study conducted as a field survey of 18,000 black, white, and Hispanic visitor groups to neighborhood and regional parks in Chicago from 1980 to 1981. The purpose of this study was to assess the ethnic, racial, and social group composition of park visitors and to observe primary group activities.…”

“…Results from Lindsay and Ogle (1972) and Hutchison (1987) are not directly comparable because they used different methods to collect and analyze data. The former study involved a random sample of households; the latter involved a convenience sample of actual participants, and the results may not be applicable to the general population.…”