Ethnicity, Race, and Children's Social Development

How School Norms, Peer Norms, and Discrimination Predict Interethnic Experiences Among Ethnic Minority and Majority Youth

“…Initiating relationships across ethnic boundaries can often provoke discomfort and lead children to feel less secure in diverse school environments (Schofield, ). Yet, although there are unique challenges associated with developing cross‐ethnic friendships (Aboud, Mendelson, & Purdy, ; Quintana, ), there are many social benefits to be gained from them. Friendships help children and adolescents to navigate their social worlds (Bagwell & Schmidt, ), and cross‐ethnic friendships uniquely contribute to children's social adjustment in ways beyond what can be achieved through same‐ethnic friendships (Graham, Munniksma, & Juvonen, ; Kawabata & Crick, ).…”

“…Peers from one's own group become important sources of social information as children move toward adolescence, including how one should evaluate and interact with peers from other groups (Nesdale, ; Nesdale, Maass, Durkin, & Griffiths, ). As children grow older and gain greater understanding of intergroup dynamics, they become increasingly aware of the social consequences associated with forming cross‐ethnic friendships (Kawabata & Crick, ; Quintana, ) and motivated to follow norms that demonstrate loyalty to their own groups (Abrams, Rutland, Pelletier, & Ferrell, ). As such, during the transition from childhood to adolescence, perceiving disapproval of cross‐ethnic relations from one's peers can damage interethnic attitudes and relations (Bukowski, Newcomb, & Hartup, ; Nesdale & Lawson, ; Nesdale et al., ), whereas perceiving supportive norms for cross‐ethnic relations from peers can promote more positive interethnic attitudes and a greater willingness to develop cross‐ethnic friendships (De Tezanos‐Pinto, Bratt, & Brown, ; Feddes, Noack, & Rutland, ; Gómez, Tropp, & Fernandez, ; McGlothlin, Edmonds, & Killen, ).…”

Relationships Between Ethnic Identity, Ethnic Attitudes, and Acculturative Stress in Tunisian Individuals in Early and Middle Adolescence

“…This is particularly valid for adolescents who are very sensitive to social comparisons. Immigrant adolescents with strong ethnic identities are more likely to experience stress and to report episodes of discrimination by majority group members who may perceive them as not sufficiently oriented toward the receiving culture (Lee et al, 2010;Quintana, 2010;Rivas-Drake et al, 2014;Verkuyten & Brug, 2002;Yip, Gee, & Takeuchi, 2008). For instance, Quintana (2010) argued that youth with a strong EIC are more likely to use ethnicity as an explanation for unfair treatment.…”

“…Previous studies analyzed the impact of demographic, psychological, cultural, and social factors on immigrants' acculturative stress (Lueck & Wilson, 2011). Among the psychological factors, one important variable that can exert both direct and indirect effects on acculturative stress is ethnic identity (Quintana, 2010). However, to date, only a few studies have specifically analyzed the association between ethnic identity and acculturative stress, as well as the role of possible mediating variables in this relationship (Kunst & Sam, 2013;Lee, Steinberg, & Piquero, 2010).…”

Cross-ethnic friendships: Are they really rare? Evidence from secondary schools around London

“…Research shows that children start to construct stronger schemas about social categories such as race and gender and hold a clear understanding of these categories by the age of 10 (Quintana, 2011). Hence, we focused on early adolescent students (aged 11) who started secondary school at the time of measurement.…”